The expanse above the earth; the visible heavens or sky, including the atmosphere, the realm of clouds, and the celestial sphere (sun, moon, stars). In biblical contexts, also refers to the realm associated with divine presence or activity. The semantic range includes the sky as seen from earth, weather phenomena, the locus of celestial bodies, and a metaphorical or theological realm of the divine.

Etymology From the root שׁ-מ-ם, meaning 'to be high, lofty, or elevated,' though the precise root form is not found in biblical Hebrew; the form שָׁמַיִם is a plural or dual form, possibly reflecting the perceived layering of the sky (lower and upper heavens). The word is morphologically plural, though usually functions as a singular entity.

Reflexes  · not yet grouped by proto-form

LanguageWordMeaningSegmentationRoot
Bembe sama sky, heavens
Boma sama sky, firmament
Kongo sama sky or heaven
Mbala sama sky
Mongo sama sky
Nzadi sama sky, heavens
Soninke saama sky, heavens
Tshiluba cama sky, heavens
Yaka sáma sky, heavens
Yombe sama sky