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עָשָׂר

𐤏𐤔𐤓

ʻâsâr

H6240 adjective

SILEX Entry

Root עשר to be ten, make ten, be in groups of ten

Definition

A suffix form meaning '-teen' or '-teenth,' used in combination with numerals to indicate numbers from eleven to nineteen (e.g., ʻechad asar, 'eleven'; shenayim asar, 'twelve'), and in the feminine, '-esreh.' It does not stand alone as 'ten,' but rather modifies other numerals to form compound numbers within the teens or their respective ordinal forms.

Semantic Range

combining form for -teen numbers (eleven through nineteen), combining form for -teenth ordinal numbers, used only in compound numerals, never as an independent noun

Root / Etymology

Derived from the root ע-ש-ר, meaning 'ten' (עֶשֶׂר, ʻéser). עָשָׂר is the construct or combining form used in numbers from eleven to nineteen and corresponding ordinal numbers, attaching inseparably to the preceding digit.

Historical & Contextual Notes

In biblical Hebrew, עָשָׂר is never used alone; it appears only in compound numerals (eleven through nineteen) and their ordinal forms. The basic nominal form for 'ten' is עֶשֶׂר, while עָשָׂר enables construction of compound numbers. The masculine form עָשָׂר pairs with masculine numerals, while the feminine עֶשְׂרֵה (esreh) is used with feminine numerals, reflecting Hebrew's gender agreement in numbers. Over time, usage remained stable, but in late biblical and post-biblical periods, spoken forms became contracted. English translations may obscure the construct nature of עָשָׂר by simply rendering the compound as 'thirteen,' 'fourteen,' etc., without capturing the underlying Hebrew formation. The construction of compound numbers in Hebrew highlights a different numerical syntax from English, typically fronting the unit ('one,' 'two,' etc.) before the combination suffix, unlike certain Indo-European patterns. No theological or religious nuance attaches to עָשָׂר; it is a grammatical structuring element of Hebrew numerals.

Original Strong's Gloss (1890)

for עֶשֶׂר; ten (only in combination), i.e. -teen; also (ordinal) -teenth; (eigh-, fif-, four-, nine-, seven-, six-, thir-) teen(-th), [phrase] eleven(-th), [phrase] sixscore thousand, [phrase] twelve(-th).

Bantu Hebrew

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Root Family

עשר (ʿ-ś-r) — tenness, being ten, making ten, grouping by tens

Strong's Lemma SIBI-P1
H4643 מַעֲשֵׂר the tenth-portion
H6218 עָשׂוֹר group of ten
H6223 עָשִׁיר wealthy man
H6224 עֲשִׂירִי tenth
H6235 עֶשֶׂר ten

Word Forms

4 distinct forms

SIDANCE Surface Transliteration Morphology Common SIBI-P1 Occurrences
H6240-01 עָשָׂ֥ר asar HAcmsa ten -teen or -teenth 201
H6240-02 עֶשְׂרֵה֙ esereh HAcfsa ten -esreh teen-suffix 134
H6240-03 הֶֽ/עָשָׂר֙ heasar HTd/Acmsa ten -teen 2
H6240-04 עשר shr HAcmsa ships-of -teen / -teenth 1

Occurrences in Scripture

338 total occurrences

SIDANCE Reference Word Transliteration Morphology Common SIBI-P1
H6240-02 Genesis 5:8 עֶשְׂרֵה֙ esereh HAcfsa twelve -esreh teen-suffix
H6240-02 Genesis 5:10 עֶשְׂרֵה֙ esereh HAcfsa ten -esreh teen-suffix
H6240-01 Genesis 7:11 עָשָׂ֥ר asar HAcmsa teenth -teen or -teenth
H6240-02 Genesis 7:20 עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה esereh HAcfsa fifteen -esreh teen-suffix
H6240-01 Genesis 8:4 עָשָׂ֥ר asar HAcmsa tenth -teen or -teenth
H6240-02 Genesis 11:25 עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה esereh HAcfsa and ten -esreh teen-suffix
H6240-02 Genesis 14:4 עֶשְׂרֵה֙ esereh HAcfsa twelve -esreh teen-suffix
H6240-02 Genesis 14:4 עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה esereh-2 HAcfsa thirteen -esreh teen-suffix
H6240-02 Genesis 14:5 עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה esereh HAcfsa tenth -esreh teen-suffix
H6240-01 Genesis 14:14 עָשָׂר֙ asar HAcmsa hundred -teen or -teenth
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