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זוּד

𐤆𐤅𐤃

zûwd

H2102 verb

SILEX Entry

Root זוּד to act arrogantly, to be insolent, to presume

Definition

To act in a presumptuous, arrogant, or insolent manner; to willfully act with pride or insolence, disregarding boundaries or norms. The root refers primarily to an action of insolence, often with a sense of overstepping proper limits, whether in social, religious, or legal contexts. The sense can be literal (presumptuous acts) or figurative (inner attitude of pride or insolence). In some contexts, related to food preparation, it can mean 'to boil up,' but this is secondary and likely the result of a separate, though phonetically similar, root.

Semantic Range

to act presumptuously, to deal arrogantly, to be insolent, to act rebelliously or defiantly, to boil up (as a secondary, rarely attested sense in a distinct context)

Root / Etymology

Root: זוּד. The root meaning is 'to act with insolence or presumption.' The related form זִיד (zid) is a variant spelling rather than a distinct root. Some lexicons propose a homonymic root meaning 'to boil/seethe,' reflected in cooking contexts (cf. Genesis 25:29), but lexicographers generally distinguish between זוּד (arrogance, insolence) and the similar root זִיד (to boil, seethe) due to contextual divergences. The relationship, if any, is debated and possibly reflects semantic development by analogy rather than a direct etymological connection.

Historical & Contextual Notes

In the Hebrew Bible, זוּד is used primarily in reference to presumptuous or insolent behavior—often in legal or ethical contexts, such as someone acting arrogantly against a divine or royal decree (cf. Exodus 21:14; Deuteronomy 1:43; Numbers 15:30). The word does not solely denote internal pride but action taken arrogantly or rebelliously, usually with conscious disregard for authority. The closely related root זִיד is used in Genesis 25:29 ('Jacob seethed pottage') where the meaning is 'to boil'—most modern lexicons treat this as a distinct, though homonymous, root. In later periods, the 'boil, seethe' meaning became prominent in rabbinic Hebrew, possibly by analogy. The term is distinct from other Hebrew words for pride (e.g. גָּאָה, גָּדַל), particularly because זוּד always suggests wrongful or rebellious arrogance. English translations often use terms like 'deal proudly' or 'act presumptuously,' but these can miss the nuance of calculated insolence against boundaries. In the Second Temple and rabbinic periods, nuances of presumption and arrogance were further elaborated in legal discourse.

Original Strong's Gloss (1890)

or (by permutation) זִיד; a primitive root; to seethe; figuratively, to be insolent; be proud, deal proudly, presume, (come) presumptuously, sod.

Bantu Hebrew

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Root Family

זוד (z-w-d) — arrogance, insolence, presumption

Strong's Lemma SIBI-P1
H2086 זֵד the arrogant ones
H2087 זָדוֹן in arrogant presumption
H2103 זוּד to cause insolence
H2121 זֵידוֹן the boiling-up arrogant ones
H5138 נָזִיד the boiled stew

Word Forms

7 distinct forms

SIDANCE Surface Transliteration Morphology Common SIBI-P1 Occurrences
H2102-01 הֵזִ֖ידוּ hezidu HVhp3cp acted-arrogantly they acted arrogantly 3
H2102-04 יָזִ֥ד yazid HVhi3ms acts presumptuously he will act presumptuously 2
H2102-05 יְזִיד֖וּ/ן yezidun HVhi3mp/Sn act presumptuously they will act arrogantly 1
H2102-03 וַ/יָּ֥זֶד vayazed HC/Vhw3ms and he cooked and he acted presumptuously 1
H2102-07 זָד֖וּ zadu HVqp3cp they acted arrogantly they acted presumptuously 1
H2102-06 זָ֖דָה zadah HVqp3fs she has acted presumptuously she acted insolently 1
H2102-02 וַ/תָּזִ֖דוּ vatazidu HC/Vhw2mp and-you-acted-presumptuously and you acted arrogantly 1

Occurrences in Scripture

10 total occurrences

SIDANCE Reference Word Transliteration Morphology Common SIBI-P1
H2102-03 Genesis 25:29 וַ/יָּ֥זֶד vayazed HC/Vhw3ms and he cooked and he acted presumptuously
H2102-07 Exodus 18:11 זָד֖וּ zadu HVqp3cp they acted arrogantly they acted presumptuously
H2102-04 Exodus 21:14 יָזִ֥ד yazid HVhi3ms acts presumptuously he will act presumptuously
H2102-02 Deuteronomy 1:43 וַ/תָּזִ֖דוּ vatazidu HC/Vhw2mp and-you-acted-presumptuously and you acted arrogantly
H2102-05 Deuteronomy 17:13 יְזִיד֖וּ/ן yezidun HVhi3mp/Sn act presumptuously they will act arrogantly
H2102-04 Deuteronomy 18:20 יָזִיד֩ yazid HVhi3ms presumes he will act presumptuously
H2102-06 Jeremiah 50:29 זָ֖דָה zadah HVqp3fs she has acted presumptuously she acted insolently
H2102-01 Nehemiah 9:10 הֵזִ֖ידוּ hezidu HVhp3cp they-acted-arrogantly they acted arrogantly
H2102-01 Nehemiah 9:16 הֵזִ֑ידוּ hezidu HVhp3cp acted presumptuously they acted arrogantly
H2102-01 Nehemiah 9:29 הֵזִ֜ידוּ hezidu HVhp3cp acted-arrogantly they acted arrogantly
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