ἐπώρωσεν
pōróō
hardened
To make hard or unyielding (literally, to turn into a hard or stony substance); figuratively, to render a person or their faculties insensitive, unresponsive, or unfeeling, particularly in reference to the mind, heart, or perception. The term generally denotes the process of causing an inner state of insensibility or obtuseness, whether figurative (such as mental or spiritual dullness) or physical (as with calloused skin).
John 12:40 · Word #6
Lexicon G4456
| Lemma | πωρόω |
| Transliteration | pōróō |
| Strong's | G4456 |
| Definition | To make hard or unyielding (literally, to turn into a hard or stony substance); figuratively, to render a person or their faculties insensitive, unresponsive, or unfeeling, particularly in reference to the mind, heart, or perception. The term generally denotes the process of causing an inner state of insensibility or obtuseness, whether figurative (such as mental or spiritual dullness) or physical (as with calloused skin). |
Morphology V AOR ACT IND 3P SG
All morphology codes
| Part of Speech | V — Verb — An action or state of being |
| Tense | AOR — Aorist — Simple occurrence, often past |
| Voice | ACT — Active — The subject performs the action |
| Mood | IND — Indicative — States a fact or reality |
| Person | 3P — 3rd person — The one spoken about ("he/she/it/they") |
| Number | SG — Singular — One |
Common Translation
| Phrase | hardened |
| Literal | he-hardened |
Lexical Info
| Lemma | πωρόω |
| Strong's | G4456 |
SIBI-P1 Translation G4456-01
he hardened
| Morphological Notes | Verb; aorist tense (simple/completed action), active voice, indicative mood, 3rd person singular. |
| Rendering Rationale | The aorist active indicative, third person singular, denotes a completed act performed by a subject: "he hardened." This preserves the root sense of making hard or unresponsive, derived from "stone," without importing contextual nuance. |
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