προϋπῆρχον
prouperchon
had been
from πρό and ὑπάρχω; to exist before, i.e. (adverbially) to be or do something previously:--+ be before(-time).
Luke 23:12 · Word #16
Lexicon G4391
| Lemma | προϋπάρχω |
| Transliteration | proÿpárchō |
| Strong's | G4391 |
| In-context | had been |
| Literal | previously-existed |
Morphology V IMPF ACT IND 3P PL
All morphology codes
| Part of Speech | V — Verb — An action or state of being |
| Tense | IMPF — Imperfect — Continuous or repeated past action |
| Voice | ACT — Active — The subject performs the action |
| Mood | IND — Indicative — States a fact or reality |
| Person | 3P — 3rd person — The one spoken about ("he/she/it/they") |
| Number | PL — Plural — More than one |
Lexical Info
| Lemma | προϋπάρχω |
| Strong's | G4391 |
SIBI-P1 G4391-02
they were-existing-beforehand
| Morphological Notes | Verb; imperfect tense (ongoing past action), active voice, indicative mood, 3rd person plural. The imperfect denotes continued existence in past time prior to another event. |
| Rendering Rationale | The rendering preserves the compound sense of πρό (before) and ὑπάρχω (to exist, to be at hand), expressing prior existence. The imperfect active indicative, third person plural, is reflected by "they were-existing," conveying continuous or ongoing past existence before a reference point. |
View full lexicon entry for G4391 →
AI-generated (openai/gpt-5.2-chat-latest)
Words from Root προϋπάρχω (to exist beforehand, to be prior in existence, to pre-exist)
| SILEX Code | Transliteration | SIBI-P1 |
|---|---|---|
G4391-01 |
prouperchen | he/she/it was existing beforehand |
Word Usage (2 occurrences of G4391)
| Location | Form | Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 23:12 | προϋπῆρχον | prouperchon | had been |
| Acts 8:9 | προϋπῆρχεν | prouperchen | had previously been |