πένθος
penthos
mourning
strengthened from the alternate of πάσχω; grief:--mourning, sorrow.
James 4:9 · Word #10
Lexicon G3997
| Lemma | πένθος |
| Transliteration | pénthos |
| Strong's | G3997 |
| In-context | mourning |
| Literal | mourning |
Morphology N ACC N SG
All morphology codes
| Part of Speech | N — Noun — A person, place, thing, or idea |
| Case | ACC — Accusative — Direct object or extent |
| Gender | N — Neuter — Grammatical neuter |
| Number | SG — Singular — One |
Lexical Info
| Lemma | πένθος |
| Strong's | G3997 |
SIBI-P1 G3997-01
the mourning-grief
| Root | πένθος (penthos) |
| Core Meanings | mourning, grief, lamentation, sorrow |
| Semantic Range | deep grief, public mourning, lamentation over death or calamity, inner sorrow expressed outwardly |
| Conceptual Significance | In biblical usage, πένθος often denotes profound sorrow associated with death, judgment, or repentance. It can describe both communal mourning and inward grief that leads to transformation, highlighting the gravity of loss and the seriousness of divine dealings. |
| Morphological Notes | Noun, neuter, singular; appears in nominative singular (subject) and accusative singular (direct object) forms. As a neuter noun, nominative and accusative share the same spelling. |
| Rendering Rationale | "Mourning-grief" preserves the root sense of deep, expressed sorrow associated with lamentation. The article "the" reflects the nominative neuter singular form (NNS), while the neuter singular sense is maintained as a concrete state or condition; the same form also serves as accusative neuter singular (ANS) in context. |
AI-generated (openai/gpt-5.2-chat-latest)
Word Usage (5 occurrences of G3997)
| Location | Form | Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| James 4:9 | πένθος | penthos | mourning |
| Revelation 18:7 | πένθος | penthos | grief |
| Revelation 18:7 | πένθος | penthos-2 | grief |