ἐχθρός
echthros
enemy
from a primary (to hate); hateful (passively, odious, or actively, hostile); usually as a noun, an adversary (especially Satan):--enemy, foe.
Romans 12:20 · Word #5
Lexicon G2190
| Lemma | ἐχθρός |
| Transliteration | echthrós |
| Strong's | G2190 |
| In-context | enemy |
| Literal | enemy |
Morphology ADJ.S NOM M SG
All morphology codes
| Part of Speech | ADJ.S — Substantive Adjective — An adjective functioning as a noun |
| Case | NOM — Nominative — The subject of the sentence |
| Gender | M — Masculine — Grammatical masculine |
| Number | SG — Singular — One |
Lexical Info
| Lemma | ἐχθρός |
| Strong's | G2190 |
SIBI-P1 G2190-04
the hostile one
| Root | ἐχθρός (echthros) |
| Core Meanings | hated, hateful, hostile, enemy, adversary |
| Semantic Range | one who is hostile, personal enemy, adversary, opponent, one at enmity; can describe human opponents or spiritual adversaries (including Satan). |
| Conceptual Significance | In biblical theology, ἐχθρός frames relationships of opposition—between individuals, nations, and ultimately between humanity and God. It also characterizes the cosmic adversary and defines the radical ethic of loving one's enemies, transforming hostility into reconciliation. |
| Morphological Notes | Adjective used substantively; nominative masculine singular (NMS). Functions as a noun meaning "enemy" or "hostile one," identifying a single male subject. |
| Rendering Rationale | The term derives from a root meaning "to hate," describing one characterized by hostility or enmity. Rendered as "the hostile one," it preserves the adjectival force used substantively and reflects the nominative masculine singular form, indicating a single male subject identified by hostility. |
AI-generated (openai/gpt-5.2-chat-latest)
Words from Root ἐχθρός (hated, hateful, hostile, enemy, adversary)
| SILEX Code | Transliteration | SIBI-P1 |
|---|---|---|
G2190-01 |
echthre | O hostile one |
G2190-02 |
echthroi | the hostile ones |
G2190-03 |
echthron | a hostile-one (accusative masculine singular) / of hostile-ones (genitive masculine plural) |
Word Usage (32 occurrences of G2190)
| Location | Form | Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Matthew 5:43 | ἐχθρόν | echthron | |
| Matthew 5:44 | ἐχθροὺς | echthrous | |
| Matthew 10:36 | ἐχθροὶ | echthroi |