ὑπὸ
upo
from
a primary preposition; under, i.e. (with the genitive case) of place (beneath), or with verbs (the agency or means, through); (with the accusative case) of place (whither (underneath) or where (below) or time (when (at)):--among, by, from, in, of, under, with. In the comparative, it retains the same general applications, especially of inferior position or condition, and specially, covertly or moderately.
Romans 13:1 · Word #12
Lexicon G5259
| Lemma | ὑπό |
| Transliteration | hypó |
| Strong's | G5259 |
| In-context | from |
| Literal | by/from |
Morphology PREP GEN
All morphology codes
| Part of Speech | PREP — Preposition — Shows relationship between words |
| Case | GEN — Genitive — Possession, source, or separation |
Lexical Info
| Lemma | ὑπό |
| Strong's | G5259 |
SIBI-P1 G5259-03
under (with genitive: by the agency/source of)
| Root | ὑπό (hypo) |
| Core Meanings | under, beneath, by agency of, from under, under authority of |
| Semantic Range | spatially under or beneath; under authority; by the agency of; from under; in subordination to; in a lesser or inferior position |
| Conceptual Significance | In the New Testament, ὑπό frequently marks divine or human agency (e.g., actions done "by" God or "by" prophets), preserving the imagery of being "under" an acting force. It also conveys themes of authority and subjection, reflecting hierarchical and covenantal relationships central to biblical theology. |
| Morphological Notes | Preposition (Gr,P) governing the genitive case (G). With the genitive, it typically denotes agency, source, or position under; with other cases (not present here) it can denote motion under or subordination. |
| Rendering Rationale | The core spatial meaning of ὑπό is "under" or "beneath." When governing the genitive case, as indicated by the morphology (preposition + genitive), it commonly expresses agency, source, or means—hence "by the agency of" or "from under." This rendering preserves the underlying spatial metaphor while reflecting its grammatical construction with the genitive. |
AI-generated (openai/gpt-5.2-chat-latest)
Words from Root ὑπό (under, beneath, by agency of, from under, under authority of)
| SILEX Code | Transliteration | SIBI-P1 |
|---|---|---|
G5259-01 |
up | under—by the agency of (with genitive) / beneath toward (with accusative) |
G5259-02 |
uph | under (by the agency of—with the genitive; down under/toward under—with the accusative) |
Word Usage (221 occurrences of G5259)
| Location | Form | Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Matthew 1:22 | ὑπὸ | upo | by |
| Matthew 2:15 | ὑπὸ | upo | by |
| Matthew 2:16 | ὑπὸ | upo | by |