ὑφ’
uph
a primary preposition; under, i.e. (with the genitive case) of place (beneath), or with verbs (the agency or means, through); (with the accusative case) of place (whither (underneath) or where (below) or time (when (at)):--among, by, from, in, of, under, with. In the comparative, it retains the same general applications, especially of inferior position or condition, and specially, covertly or moderately.
Romans 3:9 · Word #13
Lexicon G5259
| Lemma | ὑπό |
| Transliteration | hypó |
| Strong's | G5259 |
Morphology PREP ACC
All morphology codes
| Part of Speech | PREP — Preposition — Shows relationship between words |
| Case | ACC — Accusative — Direct object or extent |
Lexical Info
| Lemma | ὑπό |
| Strong's | G5259 |
SIBI-P1 G5259-02
under (by the agency of—with the genitive; down under/toward under—with the accusative)
| Root | ὑπό (hypo) |
| Core Meanings | under, beneath, by (agency), from under, subject to |
| Semantic Range | under, beneath, below; by (personal agency); from under; subject to; under the authority of; in a lower position or condition |
| Conceptual Significance | ὑπό expresses both literal subordination (physical placement beneath) and metaphorical subjection (under authority or under the action of an agent). In theological contexts, it frequently marks divine or human agency (‘by God,’ ‘by the prophets’), preserving the imagery of being under the operative power or authority of another. |
| Morphological Notes | Preposition (Gr,P). It governs either the genitive case (indicating position under or agency/source) or the accusative case (indicating motion to or position under). The form ὑφ’ is an elided form of ὑπό used before a vowel. |
| Rendering Rationale | The core spatial sense of ὑπό is “under” or “beneath.” With the genitive (as in most occurrences here), it commonly marks agency—‘by’ in the sense of being under the action of someone—while with the accusative it retains a directional or spatial sense (‘down under’ or ‘to a position beneath’). This rendering preserves the underlying spatial metaphor and reflects the distinct case functions shown in the morphology codes. |
AI-generated (openai/gpt-5.2-chat-latest)
Words from Root ὑπό (under, beneath, by (agency), from under, subject to)
| SILEX Code | Transliteration | SIBI-P1 |
|---|---|---|
G5259-01 |
up | under—by the agency of (with genitive) / beneath toward (with accusative) |
G5259-03 |
upo | under (with genitive: by the agency/source of) |
Word Usage (221 occurrences of G5259)
| Location | Form | Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Matthew 1:22 | ὑπὸ | upo | by |
| Matthew 2:15 | ὑπὸ | upo | by |
| Matthew 2:16 | ὑπὸ | upo | by |