SILEX Revision Notes

Strong's Concordance was first published in 1890. While it remains an invaluable reference, advances in linguistics, archaeology, and textual studies over the past 130 years have revealed areas where its glosses can be improved. These revision notes document where the Scattered Israelites Lexicon (SILEX) corrects or clarifies Strong's entries based on modern Biblical scholarship.

14185
Strong's Entries
14185
Reviewed
9141
Revisions
9141
Corrections Found
Etymology

The revised gloss clarifies that the etymology is uncertain and not derived from 'keimai,' as stated in the original. Therefore, it corrects the incorrect root attribution in the original Strong's gloss.

Original Strong's
from κεῖμαι; a carousal (as if letting loose):--revelling, rioting.
SILEX Revision
A festive gathering marked by uninhibited celebration; a revel, usually involving drinking, feasting, loud music, and public display of merrymaking. In extended contexts, refers to behavior characterized by excessive partying, disorder, or rowdiness, particularly those involving night-long processions or licentious conduct.
From the root κεῖμαι (to lie, to be situated), originally referring to people lying around at a banquet or after a feast; later developed the specialized sense of revelry or carouse. Related to the practice of κώμαζω (to revel, celebrate).
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim of a clear derivation from κέντρον and ὀπτάνομαι, stating instead that the etymology is uncertain and the suggested roots are not linguistically certain.

Original Strong's
apparently a derivative of the base of κέντρον and a derivative of ὀπτάνομαι; a mosquito (from its stinging proboscis):--gnat.
SILEX Revision
A small, flying insect characterized by a stinging or piercing proboscis; in ancient contexts, typically refers to a gnat or mosquito. In literary and colloquial usage, denotes a tiny, irritating or biting insect, especially as an example of something trivial, minuscule, or of little consequence in contrast to something greater. In figurative language, can illustrate hyperbole, exaggeration, or the concept of focusing on trifling matters while neglecting the significant.
Formed from an uncertain root; some suggest a link to κέντρον ('sting', 'prickle') and connection to ὀπτάνομαι ('to see'), but this is speculative and not widely accepted. Most likely an onomatopoeic word imitating the buzzing of the insect, possibly with folk etymological association with 'sting'. Etymology ultimately uncertain.
Etymology

The SIBI gloss corrects the original's implied certainty about the Hebrew derivation (from 'qesem'), stating instead that the connection is unclear and possibly only due to similarity of sound. The original gloss is too definite regarding the etymology.

Original Strong's
of Hebrew origin (compare קֶסֶם); Cosam (i.e. Kosam) an Israelite:--Cosam.
SILEX Revision
Proper name of an Israelite descendant listed in genealogical records, specifically in the ancestry of Jesus according to the Gospel of Luke. The name itself does not carry a lexical meaning within Greek, functioning solely as a personal name in this context.
Transliteration of a Hebrew name, likely from קוֹסָם‎ (Qosam), of uncertain derivation. Although Strong's gloss connects it with קֶסֶם (qésem, "divination"), there is no evidence that the Greek name carries this meaning in context.
Etymology

The original gloss asserts that the word is derived from 'koptō,' while the revised gloss corrects this, stating the etymology is uncertain and not directly from 'koptō.'

Original Strong's
from κόπτω; blunted, i.e. (figuratively) of hearing (deaf) or speech (dumb):--deaf, dumb, speechless.
SILEX Revision
Primarily, lacking ability to hear (deaf) or to speak (mute, speechless); one whose faculties of hearing or speech are impaired or rendered inoperative. The term can refer specifically to those who are physically deaf or mute, but in various contexts may also denote someone metaphorically unresponsive or uncomprehending.
Derived from the root κωφ-, probably related to the verb κόπτω ('to strike, to cut off'), with a sense-development toward 'blunted, dulled' (i.e., of senses). The semantic movement is from physical blunting/cutting to dulled faculties of hearing or speech. Alternatively, some suggest a pre-Greek origin, but this remains debated.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim that λαγχάνω is a prolonged form of a primary verb, indicating instead that the etymology is uncertain and not clearly derived from any primary verb.

Original Strong's
a prolonged form of a primary verb, which is only used as an alternate in certain tenses; to lot, i.e. determine (by implication, receive) especially by lot:--his lot be, cast lots, obtain.
SILEX Revision
To obtain or receive (especially as the result of selection by lot or allotment), to be assigned, to attain. The verb's primary sense involves the receiving of something through a process outside one's direct choice, typically through a system of selection or distribution (such as casting lots, drawing lots, or other forms of allocation). In broader use, it can refer to being allotted or receiving a share, portion, or inheritance by any means.
From the root λαγχ-; closely related to the noun κλῆρος (lot), though the derivational relationship is formal rather than strictly etymological. Associated with classical Greek usage of allotment or drawing by chance. The etymology beyond the Greek root is uncertain.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects Strong's assertion that λακτίζω comes from an adverb meaning 'heelwise'; instead, it clarifies the verb's root is related to the noun for 'heel,' not an adverb. The revised gloss corrects the etymological derivation.

Original Strong's
from adverb (heelwise); to recalcitrate:--kick.
SILEX Revision
To strike with the heel or kick, especially as an act of resistance against authority or restriction. In figurative usage, to oppose stubbornly or struggle against something, especially a higher power or authority. The base sense is that of 'kicking,' but in extended metaphorical use, it signifies futile or self-damaging resistance.
From the adverb λακτί, meaning 'with the heel' or 'heelwise,' itself from the noun πτέρνα (heel). The verb formation refers to performing the action of the heel—i.e., to kick. Not directly derived from earlier Greek, but built on existing roots for 'heel' and verb endings.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's etymological claim by stating the precise origin is uncertain, whereas the original suggests a more definite root derivation. The revised gloss also clarifies the distinction from λέγω, correcting the implication that they are simply comparable or interchangeable.

Original Strong's
a prolonged form of an otherwise obsolete verb; to talk, i.e. utter words:--preach, say, speak (after), talk, tell, utter. Compare λέγω.
SILEX Revision
To speak, to say, to express oneself orally; to articulate words or sounds. The primary sense is the act of speaking, often emphasizing the process or manner of speaking, sometimes with a focus on the act of communicating verbally rather than the content itself. Additional senses include to converse, to talk, to utter, or in some contexts to proclaim or announce aloud.
From the root λαλ-; related to the act of vocalization or speech. Traditionally considered an onomatopoeic formation, mimicking the sound of chatter or repeated syllables—akin to babbling or speaking. Distinguished from λέγω, which often focuses on the content, thought, or reasoned communication.
Etymology

The original claims λαμβάνω is a prolonged form of a primary verb, while the revised gloss states the etymology is uncertain—a correction of the original etymological assertion.

Original Strong's
a prolonged form of a primary verb, which is use only as an alternate in certain tenses; to take (in very many applications, literally and figuratively (properly objective or active, to get hold of; whereas δέχομαι is rather subjective or passive, to have offered to one; while αἱρέομαι is more violent, to seize or remove)):--accept, + be amazed, assay, attain, bring, X when I call, catch, come on (X unto), + forget, have, hold, obtain, receive (X after), take (away, up).
SILEX Revision
To take, receive, or acquire something; to grasp or lay hold of (physically or metaphorically). λαμβάνω often conveys the idea of actively taking possession of an object, opportunity, or message, or of receiving something given, whether tangible (like food or objects) or intangible (like authority, information, or spiritual benefit). Depending on context, it can denote to collect, obtain, take up, seize, or accept, with nuance ranging from assertive to neutral acquisition.
Rooted in the Greek stem λαμβ-, cognate with classical Greek λαμβάνω. The etymology is Indo-European, related to words meaning 'to take, seize.' The prolonged form (λαμβάνω) distinguishes it from the rarely used alternate form, emphasizing its frequent use in Koine Greek.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the impression given by the original that the meaning of the name 'Lamech' is known or settled, explicitly noting that the meaning is uncertain with no definitive etymology, whereas the original presents only its Hebrew form and origin without clarifying the uncertainty.

Original Strong's
of Hebrew origin (לֶמֶךְ); Lamech (i.e. Lemek), a patriarch:--Lamech.
SILEX Revision
Lamech, a personal name; specifically refers to two distinct individuals in ancient Israelite genealogies—one from the lineage of Cain and the other from the lineage of Seth, each characterized by their narrative roles within the early genealogies of Genesis. The name functions as a proper noun and does not carry independent lexical meaning beyond its designation as a personal name.
Borrowed into Greek from Hebrew לֶמֶךְ (Lemekh). The etymology of the Hebrew name is uncertain and no definitive meaning has been established in Semitic linguistics. The name is formed as a personal masculine proper noun.
Etymology

The original gloss claims 'a prolonged form of a primary verb, which is used only as an alternate in certain tenses,' implying a clear root and usage pattern. The revised gloss notes the precise root is uncertain and that λανθάνω is not a derived form from another known root, correcting the etymological assertion in Strong's.

Original Strong's
a prolonged form of a primary verb, which is used only as an alternate in certain tenses; to lie hid (literally or figuratively); often used adverbially, unwittingly:--be hid, be ignorant of, unawares.
SILEX Revision
To escape notice, to remain hidden (from someone), to go unnoticed or to be unknown to another. Primarily, λανθάνω means to not be perceived, recognized, or discovered by someone else. The verb can refer to both literal physical concealment and to figurative states such as an action or fact remaining unknown, unrecognized, or unnoticed by others. Depending on context, it can convey the sense of acting without another's awareness, or of something happening without conscious knowledge (e.g., 'unawares').
Root is λανθ- (λανθάνω), with no certain further etymology. The verb appears in various principal parts as a regular verb in classical and Koine Greek, and is considered foundational in Greek.
Etymology

The original gloss derives the term from a compound involving ξηρός (scraping), but the revised gloss corrects this, noting that modern scholarship does not support that etymological connection and finds the precise root uncertain.

Original Strong's
from a compound of (a stone) and the base of ξηρός (in its original sense of scraping); rock-quarried:--hewn in stone.
SILEX Revision
Hewn or carved from stone; made by cutting, chiseling, or fashioning rock. The term denotes an object that has been intentionally shaped or excavated out of stone, often referencing tombs, monuments, or architectural elements in ancient construction.
Derived from the verb λαξεύω (laxeuō, 'to hew, chisel, or carve in stone'), itself likely built from λᾶς (las, 'stone, rock') and a verbalizing suffix; potentially related to scraping (ξηρός with its earlier meaning of 'scraping'), though the relationship is not direct; see also λατομεῖον ('quarry').
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's implied etymology ('apparently a primary word') by stating that the origin of λαός is uncertain and specifically noting there are no clear Indo-European cognates, challenging assumptions about its derivation.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary word; a people (in general; thus differing from δῆμος, which denotes one's own populace):--people.
SILEX Revision
A collective group of people, often referring to a community connected by shared ancestry, culture, or other identity markers. In many contexts, especially in the Septuagint and New Testament, commonly denotes a nation or the body of people distinguished from rulers or elites; may indicate 'the people' as a general mass or a specific ethnic, national, or religious group, depending on context.
A primary Greek noun rooted in λαϝ-, with cognates found in early Greek (e.g., Mycenaean ra-wo) signifying 'people' or 'population at large.' Its origin is possibly Indo-European, with uncertain ultimate roots.
Etymology

The original gloss asserts that 'λάσχω' is a strengthened form of a primary verb, implying a known root, while the revised gloss highlights that the root is uncertain and the verb is attested only in certain rare forms. This corrects the etymological claim made in the original.

Original Strong's
a strengthened form of a primary verb, which only occurs in this and another prolonged form as alternate in certain tenses; to crack open (from a fall):--burst asunder.
SILEX Revision
To break open or split apart, especially as a result of force or pressure; to burst. In context, refers specifically to something being violently or suddenly cleft, torn, or ruptured.
Related to the root λαχ-, but etymology is uncertain. The verb λάσχω appears only in certain forms and is considered by lexicographers as an obscure or rare verb, possibly pre-Greek or onomatopoeic in origin.
Etymology

The revised gloss clarifies the etymology given by Strong's, providing the direct roots (λᾶς and τέμνω) and correcting the somewhat imprecise reference in Strong's to 'the same as the first part of λαξευτός and the base of τομώτερος.' The revised gloss grounds the derivation in established Greek roots rather than making the connection via other compound words.

Original Strong's
from the same as the first part of λαξευτός and the base of τομώτερος; to quarry:--hew.
SILEX Revision
To cut or hew stone, especially by quarrying; to extract stone from a quarry. The primary sense is to hew or break rock, usually as part of stoneworking or construction preparations. In wider contexts, it can refer to the general activity of working stone, but always with reference to the initial extraction or shaping of stone blocks for use.
From the first element of λαξευτός (laxeutós, meaning 'hewn' or 'cut in stone'), which is linked to λάας (lás, 'stone'), and the stem of τομώτερος (tomōteros, 'sharper'), from τέμνω (temnō, 'to cut'). Thus, λατομέω is a compound indicating 'cutting stone.'
Etymology

The revised gloss clarifies that the etymological connection to ἀγκάλη is uncertain, whereas the original gloss asserts this derivation more directly. The SIBI gloss corrects the certainty implied in the original about the root.

Original Strong's
from (a pail, perhaps as bent; compare the base of ἀγκάλη); a receptacle:--vessel.
SILEX Revision
A container or vessel designed to hold or carry solids or liquids; in extended use, any object functioning as a receptacle. Its primary sense is a physical container, such as a jar, flask, pail, or similar implement. Contextually, it can refer to various types of vessels, utensils, and containers, depending on setting (domestic, cultic, medical, etc.).
Probably related to ἀγγεῖον as a diminutive or derivative of ἀγγός (pail, bucket) and possibly linked to the root of ἀγκάλη (bend, arm, embrace), referencing something bent or curved, as is characteristic of many containers. Etymology is not fully certain.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original Strong's claim that the word is derived from a verb meaning 'to dig,' stating instead that the etymology is uncertain and only possibly related to that root. The original presented the etymology as settled, which the revised gloss refutes.

Original Strong's
from (to dig); a vegetable:--herb.
SILEX Revision
A cultivated plant, particularly those used as food; generally denotes garden vegetables or edible plants but can refer, in certain contexts, to any green plant or herb. In the New Testament, refers to plants grown for consumption, especially in the context of dietary practice.
Derived from the Greek root λαχ- (meaning to obtain by lot or to seize), possibly related to λαχανίζω (to dig, to plant), but exact etymological relationship is debated. Some trace the root to a connection with digging or tilling the soil for vegetables, but this is not certain. Original relationship with the action of 'digging' as in planting is likely, but etymology remains somewhat uncertain.
Etymology

The original gloss claims the primary sense is 'to lay forth,' suggesting a root meaning, while the revised gloss states the origin is uncertain, correcting the etymology.

Original Strong's
a primary verb; properly, to "lay" forth, i.e. (figuratively) relate (in words (usually of systematic or set discourse; whereas ἔπω and φημί generally refer to an individual expression or speech respectively; while ῥέω is properly to break silence merely, and λαλέω means an extended or random harangue)); by implication, to mean:--ask, bid, boast, call, describe, give out, name, put forth, say(-ing, on), shew, speak, tell, utter.
SILEX Revision
To speak, to say, or to express verbally; principally denotes the act of articulating or communicating information, statements, or ideas, whether in direct discourse, reporting, or narration. Broader senses include expressing, declaring, making known, or recounting, with an emphasis often on the content, manner, or intent of what is expressed. Distinctions among Greek synonyms position λέγω as the general term for 'to say/tell' with a possible focus on orderly, intentional communication, as opposed to unstructured speech.
From the root λέγ-, ancient Greek verb with original meanings related to 'to collect, pick,' and in extended usage 'to recount' or 'to speak.' The root underlies various words connected with speech, selection, and reckoning (cf. λόγος, 'word, account'). Cognate with Latin 'lego' in the sense of 'to gather, choose.'
Etymology

The Strong's gloss claims 'apparently a primary word,' implying an origin, while the revised gloss specifies that the etymology is uncertain but attested as a standalone word. This corrects the original's implication of etymological clarity.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary word; smooth, i.e. "level":--smooth.
SILEX Revision
Smooth; characterized by an even, unbroken, or level surface, lacking roughness, projections, or irregularity. Also used figuratively to denote anything regular, level, plain, or free from obstacles.
Apparently a primary word in Greek; not derived from any other known Greek noun or verb. The formation is consistent with other descriptive adjectives in Greek, and may derive from ancient roots relating to surface quality, but exact etymology is uncertain.
Etymology

The original Strong's gloss lists λείπω as a 'primary verb' without etymological comment, while the revised gloss explicitly states that its origin is uncertain and it is not derivable from earlier Greek, correcting any implication of a clear or known derivation in the original.

Original Strong's
a primary verb; to leave, i.e. (intransitively or passively) to fail or be absent:--be destitute (wanting), lack.
SILEX Revision
To leave, leave behind, abandon, or lack something. In its core sense, λείπω means to leave or forsake something or someone, either physically (depart, leave behind) or metaphorically (fail, be found lacking). The term can also refer to being destitute or in want, especially in moral or material terms, depending on context. As an intransitive or passive verb, it connotes the state of lacking, failing, or being absent.
Greek root λείπ-; no known external etymology beyond Indo-European root *leikʷ- (to leave, remain).
Etymology

The revised gloss notes that the precise etymology of the name Amos is uncertain and only likely from a given Hebrew root, whereas the original Strong's gloss presents the Hebrew origin as definitive without acknowledging any uncertainty.

Original Strong's
of Hebrew origin (אָמוֹץ); Amos, an Israelite:--Amos.
SILEX Revision
Proper name: Amos – the personal name of a prophet active in the 8th century BCE, known from the Hebrew Bible. Used specifically to refer to this Israelite figure. The Greek form Ἀμώς reproduces the Hebrew אָמוֹס (Amos).
Borrowed from Hebrew אָמוֹס (Amos), itself from the verb עָמַס meaning 'to carry' or 'to bear (a burden)'. The Greek Ἀμώς is a transliteration, not a native Greek formation.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the strong implication in the original gloss that the etymology and meaning of 'Levi' are clear or settled; the revised gloss clarifies that the origin and meaning are uncertain, noting only a possible relation to a Hebrew verb without asserting it as definite.

Original Strong's
of Hebrew origin (לֵוִי); Levi, the name of three Israelites:--Levi. Compare Λευΐς.
SILEX Revision
Proper name: Levi. Used as a male personal name, referring (1) to the third son of Jacob (Israel) and Leah, ancestor of the tribe of Levi; (2) to a designated ancestor or member of a Levitical line; (3) a personal name in later genealogies and social contexts. The primary lexical meaning is as a proper noun denoting persons with the name Levi, especially in genealogical or narrative contexts.
Transcribed from the Hebrew לֵוִי (Lewi), possibly meaning 'joined' or 'attached,' from the Hebrew root לוה (l-w-h, 'to join, to attach').
Etymology

The original gloss asserts ἄν is contracted for ἐάν, implying a derived relationship, whereas the revised gloss acknowledges the etymology is uncertain and does not assert a direct derivation. The revised gloss clarifies that its origin is debated, which contradicts the certainty expressed in the original.

Original Strong's
a primary particle, denoting a supposition, wish, possibility or uncertainty:--(what-, where-, wither-, who-)soever. Usually unexpressed except by the subjunctive or potential mood. Also contracted for ἐάν.
SILEX Revision
A particle used to introduce conditionality, contingency, or indefiniteness, especially in clauses expressing potentiality, generalization, or uncertainty. Most commonly appears in conjunction with relative pronouns and adverbs to convey indefiniteness ('whoever,' 'wherever,' etc.), and with verbs in the subjunctive mood to indicate something that might occur under certain circumstances.
From the Greek root uncertain; likely an enclitic particle of conditional or indefinite force, sometimes seen as a contraction or form related to ἐάν ('if, in case'). Some sources treat ἄν as primary, and ἐάν as a compound (ἐι + ἄν). The precise etymology is uncertain.
Etymology

The original gloss suggests ληνός is 'apparently a primary word' without clarifying etymological uncertainty. The revised gloss explicitly states the origin is uncertain and not derived from a known root, clarifying the etymology more accurately.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary word; a trough, i.e. wine-vat:--winepress.
SILEX Revision
A vat or trough used for pressing or collecting liquid, especially the receptacle in which grapes are trodden to extract their juice and the lower reservoir which collects the must; by extension, any container in which fruit juice is gathered during processing, particularly for wine.
The term ληνός is of uncertain etymology, appearing as a primary Greek noun with no securely attested Indo-European root or formation. Some have associated its form with words in pre-Greek or non-Indo-European substrate languages, reflecting the importance of viticulture in the ancient Aegean and Near East.
Etymology

The original gloss claims a probable derivation from λίψ, whereas the revised gloss says the etymology is uncertain and the connection to λίψ is unclear. This corrects an unwarranted etymological assumption in Strong's.

Original Strong's
probably from λίψ; Libye, a region of Africa:--Libya.
SILEX Revision
Libýē refers to the region of Libya, a territory located in North Africa west of Egypt. In Hellenistic and Roman Greek usage, the term designates the lands inhabited by Libyans or peoples considered non-Egyptian populations from the African continent. In biblical and broader Koine contexts, it most commonly denotes the general area along the Mediterranean coast, extending inland from west of Egypt, and is sometimes used more broadly for much of North Africa excluding Egypt. The word carries the sense of a geographic designation and may refer to the inhabitants (Libyans) by extension.
Derived from classical Greek Λιβύη, of uncertain origin; possibly connected to the word λίψ (southwest wind), but more likely from the native name for the North African peoples the Greeks encountered. The term is attested in classical Greek centuries before Koine.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the implication in the original that λίθος is certainly a primary word by noting its origin is uncertain, though it is considered a primary word in Greek. This addresses an etymological assumption in the original gloss.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary word; a stone (literally or figuratively):--(mill-, stumbling-)stone.
SILEX Revision
A generally hard, naturally occurring solid mineral material; stone, rock. In specific contexts, refers to a worked stone, a building block, a milestone, a precious stone, or an object made from stone. Figuratively, used of a person or concept that represents strength, stability, or obstruction (e.g., stumbling block). In funerary contexts, denotes a stone used to close a tomb. May also designate an object of small size such as a pebble but most commonly refers to a stone of practical use or symbolic significance.
Primary Greek word; not derived from another Greek term. No clear Indo-European antecedents; etymology uncertain.
Etymology

The original gloss confidently claims a root derivation and equates the noun with a specific implement, whereas the revised gloss states the root is uncertain and does not confirm the direct link. This corrects an overstatement in the original regarding etymology.

Original Strong's
from , the equivalent of (a winnowing fan or basket); to winnow, i.e. (by analogy), to triturate:--grind to powder.
SILEX Revision
To winnow—specifically, to separate grain from chaff by tossing it in the air so that the lighter chaff is blown away and the heavier grain falls back; by extension, to crush or grind thoroughly, to reduce to powder. Primary sense is related to the agricultural action of winnowing grain, with secondary figurative senses (especially in later or metaphorical contexts) of utterly destroying, pulverizing, or sifting.
From Greek λικμάς (likmás), meaning 'winnowed grain' or 'groats', ultimately related to λικμός (likmós), 'winnowing fan' or 'sieve'. The verb λικμάω derives from the noun and signifies the action performed with a winnowing fan. The etymology is related to agricultural vocabulary of grain processing.
Etymology

The original gloss states 'apparently a primary word,' implying native Greek origin, whereas the revised gloss corrects this by stating the etymology is uncertain and may be a pre-Greek loanword, thus correcting the implication of a clear Greek root.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary word; a harbor:--haven. Compare Καλοὶ Λιμένες.
SILEX Revision
A harbor or port; specifically, a sheltered area of water where ships anchor or take refuge. In some contexts, can refer to a haven or safe place for ships, either natural or artificial, generally protected from open sea conditions. By extension, may denote any place of safety or refuge, though this usage is less common.
etymology uncertain. λιμήν appears in Greek as a self-standing noun without clear derivation from an Indo-European or Semitic ancestor, though possible ancient associations with words for marsh or lake are noted by some scholars.
Etymology

The original Strong's gloss incorrectly derives λίμνη from λιμήν ('harbor'), while the revised gloss states the root is unrelated and uncertain, correcting this etymological error.

Original Strong's
probably from λιμήν (through the idea of nearness of shore); a pond (large or small):--lake.
SILEX Revision
An expanse of inland water, typically larger than a pond but smaller than a sea; a lake. In literary and documentary Greek, refers to a body of fresh water entirely or mostly enclosed by land. In some contexts, may refer more broadly to any substantial standing inland water, including marshy lakes or lagoons. The word denotes a natural or occasionally artificial basin of water distinct from rivers (ποταμός) and seas (θάλασσα).
Related to λιμήν (harbor, haven), possibly by a semantic shift or analogy to 'enclosed water.' The precise etymological link is uncertain; both terms stem from an Indo-European root meaning 'moist' or 'liquid.'
Etymology

The original gloss claims a probable etymology 'from λείπω', while the revised gloss notes the precise derivation is uncertain, thereby correcting the confidence of the original etymological claim.

Original Strong's
probably from λείπω (through the idea of destitution); a scarcity of food:--dearth, famine, hunger.
SILEX Revision
A condition of lacking food or suffering from extreme shortage of food; specifically, a period or event marked by widespread hunger or famine. The word primarily denotes a famine, whether caused by natural disaster, war, or other circumstances, but can also refer in a general sense to persistent hunger.
λιμός is likely related to the verb λείπω (“to leave, abandon”), with the underlying sense of lacking or being deprived. The formation is by derivational morphology, possibly denoting 'what is left out' or 'absence,' emphasizing the state of deprivation. The precise origin remains somewhat uncertain but is standard in classical and Koine Greek.
Etymology

The revised gloss states the origin of the word is uncertain, correcting the original's claim that it is 'probably a primary word.' The definition is essentially equivalent, but the etymological assertion is updated.

Original Strong's
probably a primary word; flax, i.e. (by implication) "linen":--linen.
SILEX Revision
Flax—refers primarily to the plant Linum usitatissimum, from which fibers are obtained and processed into textile material; by extension, linen—cloth or thread produced from flax fibers, used for garments, wicks, bandages, or other materials in Greco-Roman daily life. In various contexts, it may refer specifically to the raw plant, the prepared fibers, or the finished linen product.
The word appears to be of pre-Greek or Eastern Mediterranean origin, possibly borrowed into Greek from an ancient Near Eastern language. It is unrelated to most native Greek noun-building formations. Related terms in ancient Greek include λίνεος (made of linen).
Etymology

The revised gloss clarifies that the etymology is uncertain and cautions against inferring semantic meaning beyond that of a personal name. The original suggests a derivation from 'λίνον' (linon) but is less precise about its uncertainty. The revised version is more cautious regarding etymology, correcting the original's tentative but less nuanced claim.

Original Strong's
perhaps from λίνον; Linus, a Christian:--Linus.
SILEX Revision
A personal name Linus, referring to an individual associated with early assemblies of followers of Jesus. The word is used as a proper noun, designating a specific person; it is unrelated in meaning to the possible etymological root ('flax, linen'), and serves only as an identifier.
Possibly derived from λίνον ('flax, linen'), but as a proper name, its etymology is uncertain and does not carry over semantic meaning from the common noun. The name Linus appears in Greek and Latin literary traditions as well, and may ultimately have pre-Greek or non-Greek origins.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original by noting the etymology is uncertain and not clearly related to the verb for pouring libation, whereas the original gloss confidently suggests a derivation from that verb.

Original Strong's
probably from (to pour a "libation"); the south(- west) wind (as bringing rain, i.e. (by extension) the south quarter):--southwest.
SILEX Revision
A specific wind, typically the southwest wind, associated with bringing rain; in some contexts, may also refer to the general direction from which this wind originates or the southwestern point of the compass. Primarily denotes the meteorological phenomenon itself, not the direction alone.
The etymology is uncertain. Some lexicographers attempt to connect λίψ to λείβω ('to pour'), due to the association with rain, but this derivation is uncertain and not universally accepted. The word appears to be of pre-Greek (possibly nautical) origin and is attested independently as a term for a particular wind.
Etymology

The revised gloss notes that the precise derivation from λόγος is uncertain and suggests a broader semantic development, whereas the original gloss asserts a direct commercial sense. The updated gloss corrects the Strong's claim of a simplistic direct derivation, indicating modern linguistic caution about the exact origin.

Original Strong's
from λόγος (in the commercial sense); a contribution:--collection, gathering.
SILEX Revision
A contribution or gift collected for a specific purpose, often referring to a monetary or material collection assembled by a group. The primary sense is an organized gathering of resources—especially funds—intended for communal benefit, relief, or support, typically managed by a designated leader or responsible party. In Koine usage, the term is most prominently associated with communal acts of giving within early assemblies, as in the arrangement of support for fellow members or for those in need.
From the root λογ- (log-) meaning 'to reckon, to account, to collect.' λογία is derived from λόγος in its commercial or accounting sense, with the suffix -ια denoting the result of an action or a collective 'gathering.'
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original claim that the verb is 'from λόγος'; it clarifies that the connection is by derivation of sense rather than direct formation, indicating the etymology is not as straightforward as the original implies.

Original Strong's
middle voice from λόγος; to take an inventory, i.e. estimate (literally or figuratively):--conclude, (ac-)count (of), + despise, esteem, impute, lay, number, reason, reckon, suppose, think (on).
SILEX Revision
To reckon, calculate, or compute; to deliberate or consider mentally; to attribute or credit. In general usage, λογίζομαι signifies the process of logical reasoning or accounting, both in a mathematical sense (to count, calculate) and a mental sense (to consider, think over, or ponder). Can further mean to regard or deem, to account as something, or to attribute a quality or status to someone or something, often in a legal, moral, or evaluative context.
From the root λόγ-, associated with λόγος (“word, account, reasoning”), plus the middle-passive form -ίζομαι. The verb derives from earlier Greek λογίζω, a causative or iterative of λέγω/λογεύω (“to collect, to say”), and is related to the noun λόγος (“account, reckoning, argument, reason, word”).
Etymology

The SIBI gloss corrects Strong's assumption that λόγχη is 'perhaps a primary word' by stating the etymology is uncertain and it may be a loanword or of onomatopoeic origin, thus removing Strong's speculative etymological claim.

Original Strong's
perhaps a primary word; a "lance":--spear.
SILEX Revision
A spear or lance; specifically, a long thrusting weapon used in warfare or by soldiers, typically with a metal point. In literary and documentary Greek, λόγχη most often refers to a spear as a weapon for thrusting or piercing. The word can be applied to a range of polearms, but usually denotes a weapon intended for close combat as opposed to the longer throwing javelin (δόρυ) or missile weapons.
etymology uncertain. λόγχη appears in Greek as a standalone term not securely derived from other known Greek roots; several theories propose a Pre-Greek or non-Greek (possibly Thracian or Illyrian) origin due to its absence from earlier Greek forms, but this remains speculative.
Etymology

The original gloss claims λοίδορος is from a root meaning 'mischief,' while the revised gloss explains it is from the verb λοιδορέω (meaning to reproach, insult, or abuse verbally) and notes the root is of uncertain further origin, correcting the mistaken etymology in the original.

Original Strong's
from (mischief); abusive, i.e. a blackguard:--railer, reviler.
SILEX Revision
A person who uses abusive, insulting, or reproachful language; one who reviles or defames others, especially through verbal insults or slander. The term applies primarily to those who heap verbal abuse or harsh accusations upon others, often in a public or contentious context. The word can carry nuances of being slanderous, mocking, or otherwise verbally aggressive.
From the root λοιδέω (loidéō, 'to revile, abuse verbally') plus the agentive suffix -ρος (-ros), indicating a person who performs the action. Thus, λοίδορος means 'one who reviles.' No clear connection with a term meaning 'mischief' as cited in older glosses.
Etymology

The revised gloss cautions that the derivation from Latin 'Lucanus' is uncertain, whereas the original states this derivation as a fact. The revised also notes that 'Lucas' is not of Greek origin and may correspond to a Latin/Roman name, clarifying the etymological uncertainty.

Original Strong's
contracted from Latin Lucanus; Lucas, a Christian:--Lucas, Luke.
SILEX Revision
Proper noun: Loukâs. A personal name referring to an individual known in early Christian texts; specifically, the companion of Paul mentioned in several New Testament letters. The name itself designates an individual rather than describing a function, characteristic, or office. It refers to a person rather than carrying an intrinsic lexical meaning.
The name Λουκᾶς is a contracted Greek form likely derived from the Latin personal name Lucanus (a gentilic name, 'of Lucania,' a region in southern Italy), or possibly from the related Latin name Lucius. Its adoption into Greek reflects standard patterns of Hellenizing Latin personal names. The original Latin root connects either to the geographical region Lucania or to the root 'lux' ('light') in Lucius/Lucianus, but the Greek form functions strictly as a personal name, and does not carry this semantic content in context.
Etymology

The original Strong's gloss implies λούω has a clear Greek origin by calling it a 'primary verb', while the revised gloss corrects this by specifying that the etymology is uncertain and it lacks clear cognates in other Indo-European languages.

Original Strong's
a primary verb; to bathe (the whole person; whereas νίπτω means to wet a part only, and πλύνω to wash, cleanse garments exclusively):--wash.
SILEX Revision
To wash or bathe, especially to cleanse the entire body with water. In various contexts, can refer to ritual or physical washing, including bathing for purification, preparation for entry into sacred spaces, or normal bodily cleanliness. Distinct from terms meaning to wash part of the body (νίπτω) or to wash objects or garments (πλύνω).
From the Greek root λου- (lou-); the verb λούω is common in classical and Hellenistic Greek for the act of washing or bathing, especially of the entire person.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects Strong's assertion that the name is the feminine form of 'Ludios' and clarifies that the ultimate etymology of the region's name is uncertain, moving away from Strong's implied derivation.

Original Strong's
properly, feminine of Ludios (of foreign origin) (a Lydian, in Asia Minor); Lydia, a Christian woman:--Lydia.
SILEX Revision
Proper noun used as a female personal name; refers specifically to an individual woman from the region of Lydia in western Asia Minor. In New Testament usage, primarily a woman identified as Lydía, described as a resident of Thyatira, a dealer in purple fabric, and a worshiper of God in Philippi.
Derived from Λυδός (Ludos, masculine form), which itself relates to the ancient region and people of Lydia in western Asia Minor. The name Λυδία is formed as the feminine variant meaning 'woman from Lydia' or 'Lydian woman.' Of Anatolian origin; adopted into Greek contexts after Hellenization of the region.
Etymology

The original gloss suggests that 'Lycaonia' is perhaps remotely derived from the Greek 'λύκος' (wolf), while the revised gloss corrects this by stating the etymology is uncertain and the connection to 'wolf' is not linguistically confirmed, also mentioning possible Anatolian roots.

Original Strong's
perhaps remotely from λύκος; Lycaonia, a region of Asia Minor:--Lycaonia.
SILEX Revision
A geographical region in the interior of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) known in antiquity as Lycaonia. The term designates both the physical region and, by extension, its inhabitants or language.
The name appears to be of Anatolian origin, adapted into Greek as Λυκαονία. There is a traditional association with the Greek word λύκος (wolf), possibly through folk etymology, but the actual origin is likely pre-Greek and unrelated to λύκος; etymology uncertain.
Etymology

The SIBI gloss corrects Strong's by clarifying that the etymology connecting Lycia to λύκος ('wolf') is speculative and uncertain, whereas Strong's presents it as more definite.

Original Strong's
probably remotely from λύκος; Lycia, a province of Asia Minor:--Lycia.
SILEX Revision
A region located on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor (modern southwestern Turkey), known as Lycia. Refers to the geographic area, its people, or things associated with it. Often appears as a toponym designating the territory through which travelers passed or where events took place in Hellenistic and early Roman times. It consistently denotes the specific region, and sometimes the administrative province, in Asia Minor.
From Λυκία (Lycia), the ancient name for a territory in southwestern Asia Minor. The etymology is uncertain; traditional explanations link it to the Greek λύκος ('wolf'), but this is likely folk etymology. The name may derive from pre-Greek or Anatolian linguistic origins.
Etymology

The revised gloss notes that the etymology is uncertain and that there is no direct evidence for the connection to λευκός, correcting Strong's suggestion of a kinship based on 'whitish hair.'

Original Strong's
perhaps akin to the base of λευκός (from the whitish hair); a wolf:--wolf.
SILEX Revision
Wolf; a large wild canid known for predatory behavior. In literal contexts, refers to the animal (Canis lupus). Figuratively, can describe persons perceived as dangerous, predatory, or threatening to a community, especially in the context of deception or concealed hostility. The primary meaning is the animal itself, with metaphorical usage signifying a person who threatens the wellbeing or cohesion of a group, especially through deceptive or predatory means.
From Greek λυκ- (lyk-), meaning 'wolf'. The precise etymology is uncertain, though it may be connected through ancient Indo-European roots; associations with λευκός ('white') are speculative and debated among scholars. The word occurs in classical and Koine Greek.
Etymology

The original Strong's gloss asserts a more direct derivation from λύω with the literal sense of 'filth,' while the revised gloss clarifies that this etymology is uncertain and likely relies on an indirect relationship through λῦμα. The revised also shows that the figurative sense of causing harm or mistreatment is primary, not literal soiling.

Original Strong's
middle voice from a probably derivative of λύω (meaning filth); properly, to soil, i.e. (figuratively) insult (maltreat):--make havock of.
SILEX Revision
To cause severe harm, to mistreat or damage, often with the nuance of violent abuse or grievous injury. In various contexts, can mean to physically destroy, to cause ruin, or to deal harshly and with damaging effect to someone or something. The term carries strong overtones of malicious or violent treatment.
Derived from the noun λύμα (filth, defilement, something foul) with the verb-forming middle/passive ending -ομαι, likely denoting either being involved with defilement or causing defiling harm. Related to λύω but not directly cognate; the precise etymology is obscure, but it is most commonly linked to λύμα.
Etymology

The original gloss claimed λύπη is 'apparently a primary word,' implying some etymological certainty. The revised gloss clarifies that the root is 'uncertain' and of 'unclear derivation,' correcting the original's implication of etymological knowledge.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary word; sadness:--grief, grievous, + grudgingly, heaviness, sorrow.
SILEX Revision
Primary sense: pain or distress of mind or spirit. λύπη denotes emotional suffering, sorrow, or grief, often as a response to misfortune, loss, disappointment, or anxiety. The term extends to general feelings of heaviness, distress, or discomfort, both internal and expressed outwardly through lamentation or tears. In some contexts, it can imply mental anguish, remorse, or a troubled conscience.
Root/Etymology: Derived from the Greek root λυπ-, associated with pain, distress, or sadness. The term appears as a noun in Homeric and classical Greek literature, consistently expressing sorrow or emotional pain. No clear cognate outside of Greek.
Etymology

The SIBI revised gloss corrects the original's confident etymological claim that the name means 'grief-dispelling,' stating instead that the derivation is uncertain and any such meaning is speculative and not linguistically established.

Original Strong's
from λύσις and (trouble); grief-dispelling; Lysanias, a governor of Abilene:--Lysanias.
SILEX Revision
A personal name: Lysanias. In the New Testament, refers specifically to a ruler of the district of Abilene during the early first century CE (Luke 3:1). The name is Greek in form, and does not carry a lexical meaning in the New Testament context; however, etymologically it may be constructed as 'one who sets free from sorrow' or 'grief-releasing.' The semantic range is limited to its function as a proper noun denoting an individual.
Formed from the elements λύσις (lysis, 'release, dissolution, loosening') and possibly ἄλγος (algos, 'pain, grief'), though the precise origin is uncertain; appears as a Greek personal name in Hellenistic and Roman periods.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's lack of clarity about etymology, specifying that λύω is of uncertain origin and not derived from a known compound or root. It also clarifies the nature of λύω in comparison to ῥήγνυμι, distinguishing the idea of loosening from forceful rupture, which was implied by the original gloss's suggested comparison.

Original Strong's
a primary verb; to "loosen" (literally or figuratively):--break (up), destroy, dissolve, (un-)loose, melt, put off. Compare ῥήγνυμι.
SILEX Revision
to loose, untie, set free from bonds or restraints; by extension, to break up, destroy, abolish, or dissolve (something bound, united, or constituted). In literal contexts, refers to the physical act of loosing bonds, untying (a sandal, animal), or breaking (chains, seals). In figurative contexts, indicates bringing something to an end, rendering it invalid, or causing a dissolution (such as of laws, oaths, assemblies, or relationships). Also used of melting or liquefying solids.
From the root λυ-; a primary and inherited Greek verb with Indo-European parallels (cf. Latin solvo, 'I loosen, untie'). The basic sense concerns separation by loosing or breaking bonds.
Etymology

The revised gloss clarifies that while the name is probably of Hebrew origin, the precise Hebrew equivalent and meaning are uncertain. The original gloss implies a definite derivation from a known Hebrew form, which the revised gloss corrects by highlighting the uncertainty.

Original Strong's
probably of Hebrew origin; Maath, an Israelite:--Maath.
SILEX Revision
A proper name referring to 'Maath,' an individual mentioned in genealogical records. The primary meaning is as an ancestral name within Israelite lineage. In the context of Koine Greek, its sole usage is as a personal proper noun in genealogical enumeration.
Derived from Hebrew; likely from the name מַעַת (Ma‘ath), though the precise etymology is uncertain. The name appears in later Jewish genealogical traditions in connection with Levitical and priestly lineages. The Greek Μαάθ is a direct transliteration from the Hebrew.
Etymology

The original gloss asserts a direct Hebrew origin without comment, whereas the revised gloss clarifies that while the name is borrowed from Hebrew, the exact etymology is uncertain and commonly debated. The revised gloss corrects the implication in Strong's that the etymology is straightforward and uncontested.

Original Strong's
of Hebrew origin (מְתוּשֶׁלַח); Mathusala (i.e. Methushelach), an antediluvian:--Mathusala.
SILEX Revision
Mathousála is a personal name referring to the antediluvian figure known from biblical tradition, typically transliterated as Methushelach. In Koine Greek, it functions solely as a proper noun, designating the son of Henoch (Enoch) and grandfather of Noe (Noah), traditionally noted for his exceptionally long life. The term carries no independent lexical meaning apart from this onomastic use.
Derived from Hebrew מְתוּשֶׁלַח (Metushelach), likely composed of the elements מֶת (met, 'man') and שֶׁלַח (shelach, 'dart' or possibly 'to send'), though the precise meaning is uncertain. Greek Μαθουσάλα is a straightforward transliteration of the Hebrew proper name.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim that the origin is 'probably of Hebrew origin' by clarifying that the etymology is uncertain and only likely a transliteration, but the exact Hebrew origin is unclear.

Original Strong's
probably of Hebrew origin; Mainan, an Israelite:--Mainan.
SILEX Revision
A personal name: Mainan. Used as a proper noun referring to a specific individual in genealogical lists. The name designates an Israelite ancestor, with no inherent lexical meaning attributed beyond its function as a name.
From the Hebrew name מֵינָן (Meinan), a personal name found in Hebrew genealogies; the Greek form Μαϊνάν is a direct transliteration/adaptation of the Hebrew. The precise etymology within Hebrew is uncertain, as the name is rare and its root meaning unclear.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim that the verb derives from a meaning of 'to long for' or 'insensate craving.' The modern understanding is that the root and derivation are uncertain, and there is no basis for connecting it with craving or longing.

Original Strong's
middle voice from a primary (to long for; through the idea of insensate craving); to rave as a "maniac":--be beside self (mad).
SILEX Revision
To be out of one's mind or senses; to rave in a state of ecstatic frenzy, irrationality, or apparent madness. Used to describe someone who is acting as if driven by overpowering emotion, frenzy, inspiration, or mania, whether due to divine possession, madness, or uncontrollable passion. The term can denote someone behaving irrationally or with wild, uncontrolled fervor, as well as those experiencing visionary or ecstatic states perceived by others as madness.
From the Greek root μαίνω (mainō), meaning 'to rage, to be mad, to be furious,' in the middle form μαίνομαι suggesting a state the subject experiences. The deeper, original etymology is uncertain but likely related to Proto-Indo-European *men-, 'to think,' with a derived sense of altered or unsettled mind; cognate with Latin 'mens' (mind).