SILEX Revision Notes

Strong's Concordance was first published in 1890. While it remains an invaluable reference, advances in linguistics, archaeology, and textual studies over the past 130 years have revealed areas where its glosses can be improved. These revision notes document where the Scattered Israelites Lexicon (SILEX) corrects or clarifies Strong's entries based on modern Biblical scholarship.

14185
Strong's Entries
14185
Reviewed
9141
Revisions
9141
Corrections Found
Language:
All Hebrew (6190) Greek (2951)
Category:
All Etymology (4259) Definition (4257) Multiple (307) Tradition (141) Theological (106) Anachronism (71)
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the certainty of the original gloss about the etymological composition of the word, noting that the second root ('care') is actually uncertain. The definition is also slightly broadened, with the revised gloss clarifying that the word expresses general disregard rather than the stronger sense of 'despise' (active contempt) found in the original.

Original Strong's
from a compound of ὀλίγος and ("care"); to have little regard for, i.e. to disesteem:--despise.
SILEX Revision
To have little regard for, to treat with indifference or neglect; to consider something or someone as of lesser value or importance; to disregard. The primary sense is to show lack of esteem or respect for, whether persons, instructions, or objects.
From ὀλίγος ('little, few') and cognate with ἀγορέω ('to care for, attend to'), though the precise derivation of the second element is debated. Likely a denominative verb meaning 'to esteem little.'
Etymology

The original gloss asserts a specific etymology (a contraction meaning 'Olympian-bestowed, i.e. heaven-descended'), while the revised gloss states the exact derivation is uncertain and does not assign a specific meaning, correcting the original's claim.

Original Strong's
probably a contraction from (Olympian-bestowed, i.e. heaven-descended); Olympas, a Christian:--Olympas.
SILEX Revision
Proper name: Olympas. Used as a personal name for an individual in the early assemblies referred to in Paul's letter to the Romans. The name itself does not carry a lexical meaning in Koine usage beyond its function as a proper noun.
Derived from the Greek Ολυμπίας (Olympias) or Ὀλύμπιος (Olympios), relating to Mount Olympus or that which pertains to the gods of Olympus. The exact etymology of the abbreviated form Ὀλυμπᾶς is uncertain but likely a theophoric name referencing divine origin or connection, as Mount Olympus was mythologically the home of the Greek gods.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's confident derivation from a specific verb and alternate root, indicating instead that the precise etymology is uncertain and more tentative.

Original Strong's
from the base of ὁμοῦ and a derivative of the alternate of αἱρέομαι (meaning a crowd); association together, i.e. a multitude:--company.
SILEX Revision
A group assembled together, a crowd or gathering of people; generally refers to a collection of individuals who are in close association or physical proximity for a common purpose, whether formal or informal. In various contexts, can denote a company, a throng, a multitude, or an assembly, with an emphasis on togetherness.
Derived from ὁμοῦ ('together') and likely related to a verb form from the root αἱρ- ('to take, to grasp, to gather'). The formation underscores the idea of people being brought or coming together.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim of a 'prolonged form of a primary' by stating the etymology is uncertain and the verb is not clearly derived from a simpler or more primary form. The definition is essentially the same, but the etymological note in the original is inaccurate.

Original Strong's
a prolonged form of a primary, but obsolete , for which another prolonged form is used in certain tenses; to swear, i.e. take (or declare on) oath:--swear.
SILEX Revision
To swear, to take an oath, to make a solemn declaration or affirmation, often invoking a deity as witness; in some contexts, to solemnly promise or affirm something as true. In the New Testament and wider Koine literature, used both for formal legal oaths as well as for solemn affirmations made in non-juridical contexts.
From the root ὀμνυ-; etymology uncertain. The word forms a series of derivatives and compounds (e.g., ἐξομνύω, ἐπαμνύω), but does not have a securely established Indo-European root. The root is already present in Homeric Greek.
Etymology

The SIBI gloss corrects the etymology given in Strong's. Strong's derives ὅμοιος from the base of ὁμοῦ, while the SIBI gloss derives it from ὁμός and traces it back to Proto-Indo-European *sem-. This provides a more precise and correct etymology.

Original Strong's
from the base of ὁμοῦ; similar (in appearance or character):--like, + manner.
SILEX Revision
Having the same or similar nature, form, quality, or appearance as something else; resembling, of like kind. The word ὅμοιος denotes fundamental likeness or similarity, either in kind, quality, or outward appearance. Depending on the context, it may refer to analogy, likeness in character, resemblance in form, or class membership ("of the same sort"). In some cases, it functions in similes or comparisons ("like," "as").
From the root ὁμο- (same, common) plus the adjectival ending -ιος. Cognate with the adverb ὁμοῦ (together), sharing the Indo-European root *sem- (one, together). Not related to ὁμός (raw) despite formal similarity.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the etymology. The original claims a presumed derivative, while the revised provides a direct derivation from ἀντιρρητός, clarifying the compound elements and correcting the uncertainty in the original.

Original Strong's
from Α (as a negative particle) and a presumed derivative of a compound of ἀντί and ῥέω; indisputable:--cannot be spoken against.
SILEX Revision
Not able to be contradicted or opposed; undeniable, indisputable. The term conveys the idea that something cannot be gainsaid, refuted, or challenged, whether in speech, argument, or facts. In context, it often describes statements, facts, or evidence that are accepted as unchallengeable.
Composed of the privative prefix ἀ- ('not'), ἀντί ('against'), and ῥέω ('to speak, say'); the word literally means 'not able to be spoken against,' i.e., not able to have speech set in opposition to it. It is a compound built on anantirrhētos → ἀντί ('against') + ῥητός ('said, spoken'), with ἀ- negating the possibility.
Etymology

The revised gloss explicitly rejects Strong's proposed etymological connection to ὄνομα ('name'), stating that the derivation is uncertain and not widely supported. The definition overlap is substantial, and there is no theological or cultural disagreement, but the etymology is corrected.

Original Strong's
probably akin to the base of ὄνομα; notoriety, i.e. a taunt (disgrace):--reproach.
SILEX Revision
Insult, reproach, shame; denotes the act or state of being subjected to verbal abuse, public dishonor, or disgrace. The term is regularly used to describe words or actions that bring shame or infamy upon someone, reflecting both external scorn and the resultant loss of social standing. In various contexts, it may refer specifically to a spoken insult or taunt, but generally encompasses broader experiences of humiliation, ignominy, or discredit, whether personal, social, or communal.
Related to the verb ὀνειδίζω (to reproach, to insult) and potentially linked with the base of ὄνομα (name), suggesting association with being spoken against or having one's 'name' subjected to scorn. The precise etymology beyond its relation to ὀνειδίζω is uncertain.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the etymology: Strong's claims the name derives from a derivative of ὀνίνημι and φόρος, but the revised gloss clarifies it is formed from ὀνίνημι and φέρω. The latter reflects a more accurate understanding of the Greek components of the name.

Original Strong's
from a derivative of ὀνίνημι and φόρος; profit-bearer; Onesiphorus, a Christian:--Onespiphorus.
SILEX Revision
A male personal name: 'Onēsíphoros'. Literally, 'bringer of benefit' or 'bringer of help.' The name signifies one who brings advantage, benefit, or assistance to others. In the New Testament, it refers to a specific historical individual associated with providing support or refreshment, especially to Paul during his imprisonment. The broader semantic sense of the name is someone beneficial, helpful, or advantageous.
Ὀνησίφορος is a compound of ὀνίνημι ('to benefit, to be useful, to help') and -φόρος ('bearing, carrying'), from the root φέρω ('to bear, to carry'). Thus, the name means 'bearing benefit' or 'bringer of help.'
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the etymological claim in the original Strong's gloss. The original connects ὄνομα to the root of γινώσκω ('to know'), while the updated gloss identifies this connection as speculative and instead traces the etymology to Proto-Indo-European *h₃nómn̥, stating the connection to γινώσκω is not widely accepted today.

Original Strong's
from a presumed derivative of the base of γινώσκω (compare ὀνίνημι); a "name" (literally or figuratively) (authority, character):--called, (+ sur-)name(-d).
SILEX Revision
Name (the distinctive designation of a person, place, or thing); by extension, reputation, authority, or standing. In its primary sense, ὄνομα refers to the identifying word by which something or someone is known. In extended contexts, it can also denote the fame, reputation, or authority associated with a person, especially when referencing someone's actions or status 'in the name of' another, implying delegated power or representation. Figuratively, it may refer to lineage, family, or character, depending on context.
From the root λόγ-/ὀνο- (uncertain derivation, but related to the Proto-Indo-European *h₃nómn̥, 'name'); related to Latin nomen, English name. Not derived from γινώσκω directly, but conceptually linked through the notion of recognition or knowing by designation. Possible connection to ὀνομάζω, which means 'to name, call.'
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's etymological claim by stating the root is uncertain and not directly derived from ἀκμήν, which the original suggested. The revised gloss also cautions against anachronistic chemical senses such as 'acid' that the original hints at in its etymological explanation.

Original Strong's
probably akin to the base of ἀκμήν ("acid"); keen; by analogy, rapid:--sharp, swift.
SILEX Revision
Sharp; primarily describing something coming to a point or edge (of physical objects), or metaphorically keen, piercing, or intense. In extended use, can describe sensation (of taste, smell, pain), or of sound (shrill). By analogy, also used for actions or movement that are rapid, quick, or sudden.
From the root ὀξ-; possibly related to ἀκμή (point, edge), and shares the sense of sharpness or piercing. The connection to ἀκμήν and possible Indo-European base for 'sharp' or 'pointed' is likely, but precise etymology is uncertain.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's confident etymological derivation 'probably from ὀπτάνομαι' by stating that the precise etymology is uncertain, only suggesting possible relation. This addresses an overstatement in the original regarding the word's root.

Original Strong's
probably from ὀπτάνομαι; a hole (as if for light), i.e. cavern; by analogy, a spring (of water):--cave, place.
SILEX Revision
Primary meaning: an opening or aperture, such as a hole, gap, or fissure in a surface. In context, it can refer specifically to a cave or cavern (a natural hollow in the earth or rock), and less frequently to a spring or the mouth of a well as an orifice through which water emerges. The semantic range includes both broad and specific physical openings in natural or constructed surfaces.
Derived from the verb ὀπτάνομαι (to appear, be visible), associated with seeing or something being visible or open; possibly related to the root ὀπ- (to see, to look), but the precise connection is uncertain.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's definite etymological claim ('probably from a primary [to be busy about]') by noting that while it is related to the root for 'work, be active,' the exact derivation is uncertain. The revised also broadens the functional range of the term, emphasizing both literal and metaphorical usages, but the main correction is etymological.

Original Strong's
probably from a primary (to be busy about); an implement or utensil or tool (literally or figuratively, especially, offensive for war):--armour, instrument, weapon.
SILEX Revision
Implement or tool, especially one used as a weapon; instrument or means used to achieve a purpose, most commonly referring to an article or implement for war (such as a shield, sword, or armor piece), but in extended usage, also figuratively as a means or instrument (for good or evil). In the New Testament, regularly used figuratively for means of moral, spiritual, or ethical struggle (e.g., 'instruments of righteousness').
From the Greek root ὁπλ-, related to work or tools; the exact etymology is uncertain but traditionally associated with implements, especially those related to warfare. Not directly attested as a verbal root.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects Strong's original etymology, noting that the exact verbal root is uncertain, while Strong's claims a specific derivation ('to steep'). The modern gloss avoids this questionable connection.

Original Strong's
from an obsolete verb akin to (to "steep"); cooked, i.e. roasted:--broiled.
SILEX Revision
Prepared by exposure to fire or heat, primarily meaning roasted or broiled (specifically with dry heat rather than boiling), especially of food such as meat or fish; contextually refers to something that has been cooked through roasting.
From an obsolete verb ὄπτω (optō), meaning 'to roast' or 'to cook (by heat)'. Related to the root ὀπ- found in culinary terminology in Greek. The root is Greek in origin; no evidence of loan from another language.
Etymology

The original gloss makes a strong comparison with ὀπτάνομαι and does not comment on etymological uncertainty, while the revised gloss explicitly states the Indo-European etymology is uncertain. This corrects the implication in the original of a clear etymological connection.

Original Strong's
properly, to stare at (compare ὀπτάνομαι), i.e. (by implication) to discern clearly (physically or mentally); by extension, to attend to; by Hebraism, to experience; passively, to appear:--behold, perceive, see, take heed.
SILEX Revision
To see (with physical sight), perceive visually or observe; by extension, to perceive, discern, or take note mentally; in certain contexts, to experience or become aware of through perception or encounter; in the passive, to appear or be seen. The primary sense is physical sight, but includes broader ideas of mental perception and experiential awareness, depending on context.
From the root ὁρ- (hor-), meaning 'to see.' Cognate with related terms such as ὄψις (sight, appearance), ὀπτάνομαι (to appear), and ὄραμα (vision).
Etymology

The revised gloss notes that the connection to ὀρέγω ('to reach, stretch out') is debated and the etymology is not fully certain, whereas the original gloss states it is from ὀρέγομαι without qualification. This corrects the original's confident etymological claim.

Original Strong's
from ὀρέγομαι; properly, desire (as a reaching forth or excitement of the mind), i.e. (by analogy), violent passion (ire, or (justifiable) abhorrence); by implication punishment:--anger, indignation, vengeance, wrath.
SILEX Revision
A strong emotional reaction of anger, wrath, or indignation; a settled, often lasting, state of passionate displeasure. In some contexts, refers more broadly to violent emotion, but typically involves judgment or reaction to perceived injustice or wrongdoing. May also, by extension, denote the response or consequence resulting from such anger (e.g., retribution or punishment).
From the root ὀργ- related to the verb ὀρέγομαι ('to stretch out, to reach for'), though ὀργή is not directly derived from ὀρέγομαι but shares a conceptual connection with the notion of reaching or arousal. In earliest uses, the noun is associated with inward impulse or swelling of feeling. The exact Indo-European root is debated, but likely pertains to movement, swelling, or excitation.
Etymology

The SIBI gloss corrects Strong's etymology by stating the connection to ὄρος ('mountain') is unlikely and that the precise origin is uncertain, whereas Strong's suggests an etymological relationship with ὄρος.

Original Strong's
middle voice of apparently a prolonged form of an obsolete primary (compare ὄρος); to stretch oneself, i.e. reach out after (long for):--covet after, desire.
SILEX Revision
To stretch out, reach toward or for something. In the middle voice, to strive for, aspire to, set one’s mind upon or desire something, especially with effort. The word generally carries a sense of purpose or strong intention in reaching or striving for a goal or object, both literally (to reach out the hand) and metaphorically (to aspire or long for something).
Derived from a root ὀρεγ-, related to ὄρος (‘mountain’) or ὄρνυμι (‘to stretch, to arouse’), though the precise verbal root is not attested in classical Greek; considered to be a native Greek formation, but etymology uncertain.
Etymology

The SIBI gloss corrects the etymological claim in Strong's that ὀρθός derives from the base of ὄρος ('mountain'), stating that this connection is uncertain and not widely accepted in modern scholarship.

Original Strong's
probably from the base of ὄρος; right (as rising), i.e. (perpendicularly) erect (figuratively, honest), or (horizontally) level or direct:--straight, upright.
SILEX Revision
having a correct, straight, or upright orientation (physically or morally); primarily denotes something that is straight, erect, or in proper alignment; by extension, can refer to being correct, proper, upright (in conduct or thought), or direct (in course or action). The central idea is of something being set in its right form or direction, both literally (as in a straight path or upright posture) and figuratively (as in righteousness, correctness, or truth).
From the root ὀρθ- meaning 'straight', possibly related to the Proto-Indo-European *h₃erǵh- ('to rise, to stand up straight'). The connection to ὄρος ('mountain') suggested by Strong's is possible etymologically via a sense of rising or uprightness, but ὀρθός is most directly connected to the idea of straightness or uprightness.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects Strong's attribution of the word's etymology to ὄρος ('mountain'), calling this connection doubtful and stating the exact etymology is uncertain. The core definition remains, but the claimed derivation is corrected.

Original Strong's
from the same as ὄρος; dawn (as sun-rise, rising of light); by extension, morn:--early in the morning.
SILEX Revision
The period of dawn or early morning; specifically, the time at or just before sunrise when light begins to appear after night. Can denote the very beginning of the day, especially as a temporal marker for activities, prayer, or events starting at daybreak. In some contexts, may imply the early hours generally, prior to full daylight.
Derived from the same root as ὄρος ('mountain'), possibly related to the rising or appearing (cf. 'to rise up'); however, connection with a term for 'rise' is debated, and direct etymology is uncertain.
Etymology

The SIBI gloss updates the etymology, noting the term's relationship to ὅρος (boundary) and stating that the ultimate origin is uncertain, correcting Strong's presentation of a primary derivation. Otherwise, the definition aligns closely, but the etymology is materially updated.

Original Strong's
neuter of a derivative of an apparently primary (a bound or limit); a boundary-line, i.e. (by implication) a frontier (region):--border, coast.
SILEX Revision
A fixed boundary or limit; a border marking the division between places or properties. ὅριον can refer concretely to a physical boundary (such as a land border, property marker, or city limits), or more generally to a defined region or territory. In broader contexts, it may denote the border-area or frontier region near such a boundary.
Derived from the Greek root ὅρ- (to set a limit or boundary); ultimately related to ὅρος, meaning 'boundary, limit.'
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's etymology, stating the root connection to 'fence' or 'boundary' is debated and not established, whereas the original asserts this etymology.

Original Strong's
from (a fence; perhaps akin to ὅριον); a limit, i.e. (sacred) restraint (specially, an oath):--oath.
SILEX Revision
An oath—a solemn declaration or sworn statement, often made calling upon a deity or something sacred as witness to the truth or fulfillment of a promise. Ὅρκος designates both the act of making such a declaration and the object or content of the vow. In various contexts, the term extends to any binding pledge, affirmation, or legal asseveration.
Root is ὁρκ-. The etymology is uncertain, though ancient sources suggest a possible connection to the idea of setting a boundary or limit (cf. ὅριον, 'boundary, limit'), with ὅρκος representing a figurative boundary established by the act of swearing. However, a precise derivation is not established.
Etymology

The original gloss suggests that ὄρνεον is the neuter of a presumed derivative of ὄρνις, whereas the revised gloss clarifies that ὄρνεον is directly derived from ὄρνις as a neuter noun. The revised corrects the original's uncertainty about the derivation.

Original Strong's
neuter of a presumed derivative of ὄρνις; a birdling:--bird, fowl.
SILEX Revision
A bird, especially a large or notable bird of prey; in some contexts, simply a bird or flying creature. While the general meaning is 'bird,' the term often carries the nuance of birds as animals of the air, sometimes focusing on their role as scavengers or ominous creatures, especially in apocalyptic or judgment scenes.
From ὄρνις (órnis, 'bird'), with a diminutive or collective neuter suffix –εον; the exact morphological history is not fully transparent, but likely formed on the base of ὄρνις to designate generic birds, particularly as a collective class.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim about derivation from the base of ὄρος ('mountain'), noting this connection is uncertain and not definitively established.

Original Strong's
probably from a prolonged form of the base of ὄρος; a bird (as rising in the air), i.e. (specially), a hen (or female domestic fowl):--hen.
SILEX Revision
A bird, especially a domesticated fowl or hen; in general contexts, any bird, but particularly used for a female bird or domestic hen. The term is not restricted to chickens, though in some contexts (such as in the New Testament) it often refers specifically to a hen or mother bird and her chicks. The core meaning is a generic word for a bird, with focus or specification derived from context.
From Greek ὄρνις (órnis), with uncertain etymology—possibly related to ὄρος ('mountain'), but this association is debated. The relationship is possibly through an older pre-Greek root, but this is unconfirmed.
Etymology

The Strong's gloss asserts a probable derivation from an obsolete verb meaning 'to rise,' possibly akin to αἴρω, while the revised gloss states that the etymology is uncertain and that any such connection is not demonstrably established.

Original Strong's
probably from an obsolete (to rise or "rear"; perhaps akin to αἴρω; compare ὄρνις); a mountain (as lifting itself above the plain):--hill, mount(-ain).
SILEX Revision
A raised landform, typically larger and higher than a hill; mountain, highland, or elevated region. In various contexts, can refer to: (1) a single mountain, (2) a mountainous area or high country in general, or (3) by extension, a figurative 'mount' or symbolic height (e.g., as a place of divine encounter or seclusion). It denotes a natural geographic feature characterized by height and prominence in the landscape.
The word ὄρος is of uncertain etymology. There is suggestion of relation to an obsolete verb meaning 'to rise' or 'rear up,' possibly connected to the root of αἴρω ('to lift, carry') and compared with ὄρνις ('bird,' with the notion of rising or being aloft), but no definitive etymology is established. It is a native Greek term attested from the earliest Greek literature.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original by stating the precise etymology is uncertain, whereas the original claims it is 'apparently a primary verb.' The revised also rejects an assumed Indo-European cognate implied in the original.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary verb; to "burrow" in the ground, i.e. dig:--dig.
SILEX Revision
To dig, excavate, or make a hole in the ground, either by removing soil or by creating a cavity. In New Testament usage, the term primarily refers to the manual action of digging, especially in relation to agriculture (opening ground for planting or for pits), construction (preparing a foundation), or the act of making a hole or hiding something underground. In extended contexts, can involve digging for a grave or to hide valuables.
From the Greek root ὀρυσσ-, possibly of onomatopoeic origin, imitative of the sound or action of digging. No clear relation to other Indo-European roots; etymology uncertain.
Etymology

The revised gloss notes that the traditional etymological connection to 'a row or ring' (ὄρχος) is not linguistically verified, correcting the original Strong's claim about the word's derivation.

Original Strong's
middle voice from (a row or ring); to dance (from the ranklike or regular motion):--dance.
SILEX Revision
To engage in rhythmic physical movement as a form of dance; to perform a dance, often involving structured bodily movements which could be individual or in coordinated group settings. In certain contexts, may refer specifically to ceremonial, festive, or celebratory dance, but may also extend to displays of exuberance, public performance, or entertaining activity through movement.
From the root ὀρχ- probably related to ὄρχος (row, ring), suggesting an original sense of 'moving in a line or circle.' Exact etymology uncertain but the connection with ring-shaped movement points to early group or choral circle dance.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects Strong's original uncertain etymology ('probably a primary word'), providing a more accurate derivation from Indo-European pronominal roots and clarifying its relationship to the definite article ὁ.

Original Strong's
probably a primary word (or perhaps a form of the article ὁ); the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that:--one, (an-, the) other, some, that, what, which, who(-m, -se), etc. See also οὗ.
SILEX Revision
A relative pronoun introducing clauses that refer back to a previously mentioned noun or idea ('who,' 'which,' 'that'); used to relate additional information, qualify, or give a description about the antecedent. The core function is to establish a relationship between the antecedent and the relative clause. Sometimes with demonstrative force in certain poetic or elevated registers. In rare constructions, may also be used in indirect questions, or as a connector where a relative sense is implied.
Derives from the Proto-Indo-European pronominal stem *yo-/*so-, related to the definite article ὁ (ho) but functionally distinct as a relative pronoun. Forms include ὅς (masculine nominative singular), ἥ (feminine nominative singular), ὅ (neuter nominative/accusative singular), and respective oblique cases. Cognate with Latin 'qui, quae, quod' and Sanskrit 'yas.'
Etymology

The original Strong's gloss connects the word ὀστράκινος to 'oyster,' which is incorrect. The revised gloss clarifies the proper derivation from ὄστρακον, meaning 'pottery sherd' or 'earthenware,' not 'oyster.'

Original Strong's
from ("oyster") (a tile, i.e. terra cotta); earthen-ware, i.e. clayey; by implication, frail:--of earth, earthen.
SILEX Revision
Made of clay, earthenware; pertaining to clay or pottery, especially describing objects fashioned from baked clay, such as jars, vessels, or tiles. By extension, can characterize something as fragile, breakable, or lacking durability, in contrast to objects of metal or stone.
Derived from ὄστρακον (ostrakon, 'pottery shard, earthenware, broken piece of pottery') with the adjectival suffix -ινος (-inos), indicating 'made of' or 'pertaining to.' Related to the root ὀστρακ-.
Etymology

The revised gloss specifies the correct root as πηρός (meaning 'maimed' or 'disabled'), which the original did not include, leaving a blank in place of the second component. The original's etymology is incomplete, while the revised gloss provides the proper derivation.

Original Strong's
from ἀνά (in the sense of intensity) and (maimed); crippled:--maimed.
SILEX Revision
Physically disabled, especially in a manner affecting movement or use of limbs; primarily denotes a person with a disabling condition such as lameness or loss of function in limbs, thus unable to walk or function normally by reason of injury, deformity, or congenital impairment. Broader sense extends to any incapacity resulting from serious bodily injuries.
Formed from ἀνά (suggesting intensity or upward direction) and πηρός (maimed, disabled in limb). The prepositional prefix ἀνά here intensifies, not simply spatial but to stress the degree of impairment. πηρός itself is well attested in classical Greek for bodily handicaps.
Etymology

The original gloss treats the negative component (οὐ) as always meaningful, implying explicit negation ('is it not therefore that') in the compound. The revised gloss corrects this by noting that the negative is often vestigial and does not always convey negation, clarifying that οὐκοῦν generally functions as a logical connector for inference, not true negation.

Original Strong's
from οὐ and οὖν; is it not therefore that, i.e. (affirmatively) hence or so:--then.
SILEX Revision
A particle combining the force of denial or negation (οὐ) with inference or conclusion (οὖν), used chiefly to introduce an inference or consequence with an interrogative nuance (is it not then...?); more generally, to draw attention to an inferential conclusion or to confirm what has been stated ('so then,' 'accordingly,' 'therefore,' often with an emphatic or confirmatory force).
Compound of οὐ (not) and οὖν (then, therefore), forming an inferential conjunction particularly suited for emphatic or interrogative inferences.
Etymology

The original gloss claims οὐρά is a primary word, while the revised gloss states its origin is uncertain. This corrects the original's implicit claim of a clear etymology.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary word; a tail:--tail.
SILEX Revision
A tail, referring most literally to the hindmost appendage of animals, whether of quadrupeds, birds, or fish. In extended use, denotes the rear, an appendage trailing behind, or by metaphor, that which follows after or is subordinate. Used figuratively in apocalyptic and metaphorical language for agents or groups in a subordinate or trailing position.
Appears as a primary word in Greek; etymology uncertain. Cognate forms are not attested in other Indo-European languages and the word is not clearly derived from another Greek root.
Etymology

The revised gloss clarifies that the derivation is uncertain, correcting Strong's implication that it is 'apparently a primary word.' This removes an assumption of etymological certainty present in the original.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary word; the ear (physically or mentally):--ear.
SILEX Revision
Outer ear; the organ of hearing (primarily anatomical), with extended usage for the faculty or sense of hearing, perception, or attentiveness. In a metaphorical sense, it can refer to the ability or openness to receive information or understand, especially used in phrases about 'having ears to hear' or 'listening.'
Primary Greek noun of uncertain further etymology; not generally derived from other terms within Greek, but cognate with related terms for 'ear' in Indo-European languages (cf. Latin auris).
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's etymology, specifying that the term derives from the participle of εἰμί (to be) rather than simply being a feminine of ὤν. It also clarifies classical versus Koine usage, correcting the broader, more philosophical sense in the original.

Original Strong's
from the feminine of ὤν; substance, i.e. property (possessions):--goods, substance.
SILEX Revision
Essence or being; the underlying reality or substance of something; in some contexts, property or possessions—what one effectively 'has' as physical substance or wealth. The central sense refers to the actual existence or essence of a thing or person, and by extension, it denotes material possessions as the concrete expression of one's substance or resources.
Derived from the participle feminine form of εἰμί ('to be'), namely ὤν, with the abstract noun suffix -ία, forming a term signifying 'being' or 'existence.' Thus, οὐσία is literally 'beingness' or 'essence.'
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim of etymology by stating the precise derivation is uncertain. The original specifies 'from the article ὁ and αὐτός,' while the revised gloss expresses uncertainty about the derivation and provides updated linguistic understanding.

Original Strong's
from the article ὁ and αὐτός; the he (she or it), i.e. this or that (often with article repeated):--he (it was that), hereof, it, she, such as, the same, these, they, this (man, same, woman), which, who.
SILEX Revision
A demonstrative pronoun indicating a person, thing, or concept that is near in time, space, discourse, or attention to the speaker or writer; primarily refers to 'this (one), these', sometimes with emphasis on what is present, just mentioned, or about to be described. Can function as subject, object, or attribute in a sentence, agreeing in gender, number, and case with its referent. In discourse, can distinguish 'this one' (more immediate) from 'that one' (ἐκεῖνος, more distant). Forms part of set phrases or idioms to emphasize or clarify the referent.
Compound of the article ὁ (the) and αὐτός (self, same); developed in Greek as a demonstrative pronoun through the combination of the definite article and the intensifying pronominal element.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the certainty of the original etymology. While Strong's asserts a probable derivation 'from the base of ὄφελος (through the idea of accruing),' the revised gloss says the precise derivation is uncertain, only suggesting a possible connection.

Original Strong's
probably from the base of ὄφελος (through the idea of accruing); to owe (pecuniarily); figuratively, to be under obligation (ought, must, should); morally, to fail in duty:--behove, be bound, (be) debt(-or), (be) due(-ty), be guilty (indebted), (must) need(-s), ought, owe, should. See also ὄφελον.
SILEX Revision
To owe; to be under obligation of any kind, whether financial, legal, moral, or social. Primarily denotes being bound to render payment, service, or action that is due to another party. In extended usage, indicates moral or ethical necessity, requirement, or the expectation to fulfill a duty or responsibility. Contextually, may refer to owing a financial debt, fulfilling legal or social obligations, or responding appropriately to circumstances (e.g., love, forgiveness, duty to God or others).
From the base of ὄφελος (“advantage, benefit, profit”), though the precise morphological derivation is debated; likely emerges via the sense of something owed or accruing as a result of advantage or benefit. Possible connection to older Greek usage of verbs denoting 'to owe' (e.g., ὀφείλω in classical Greek).
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects Strong's claim that ὄφελον is simply a first person singular past tense of ὀφείλω, noting instead that its precise morphological derivation is uncertain and that it functions idiomatically. Strong's gloss etymologically misattributes its grammatical form.

Original Strong's
first person singular of a past tense of ὀφείλω; I ought (wish), i.e. (interjection) oh that!:--would (to God).
SILEX Revision
An expression of a strong wish or desire, often introducing a clause expressing what the speaker would prefer or desire to be the case; used as an optative particle meaning 'would that,' 'if only,' or 'I wish that.' The term conveys regret, longing, or yearning for something unrealized or contrary to current reality. In some cases, it can function as a somewhat formal exclamation or interjection, typically introducing a clause in the optative or indicative mood and expressing unattainable or improbable wishes.
From the obsolete first person singular imperfect optative of ὀφείλω ('to owe, be obligated,' itself derived from PIE *gʰebh- 'to give, to receive'). In Koine Greek, ὄφελον became dissociated from the idea of 'owing' or 'obligation' and was fossilized as a modal particle.
Etymology

The original gloss claims an etymological connection to 'heaping up, i.e. accumulate,' while the revised gloss states the root is uncertain and that this connection is not linguistically secure according to modern scholarship.

Original Strong's
from (to heap up, i.e. accumulate or benefit); gain:--advantageth, profit.
SILEX Revision
Primary meaning: benefit, advantage, profit—referring to the positive outcome, usefulness, or gain derived from something. In particular contexts, it denotes what is advantageous or brings value, whether in a material, moral, or spiritual sense. The word often implies a practical usefulness or actual resulting gain, distinct from mere potential value.
From the Greek root ὀφελ- (to benefit, to advantage, to help). It appears connected to the verb ὠφελέω (to help, to benefit, to profit), which itself has uncertain further origins (likely pre-Greek or a native formation).
Etymology

The REVISED gloss corrects the certainty of the original etymological claim ('from ὀπτάνομαι'), instead noting the derivation is possibly related but uncertain. The REVISED also clarifies that figurative meanings such as 'envy' arise contextually, not as a primary definition, thus also narrowing the definition given in the original.

Original Strong's
from ὀπτάνομαι; the eye (literally or figuratively); by implication, vision; figuratively, envy (from the jealous side-glance):--eye, sight.
SILEX Revision
The organ of sight, the eye; by extension, refers to sight, vision, or the act of seeing. In figurative contexts, can denote insight, perception, spiritual understanding, or evaluation. Also used metaphorically to describe states such as envy or desire, especially in phrases like 'evil eye.'
From the root ὀπτ- (related to 'seeing, appearing'), likely derived from the verb ὀπτάνομαι ('to appear, be seen'). Cognate with related Indo-European roots for 'eye' and 'to see.'
Etymology

The original gloss incorrectly posits a 'presumed derivative' of ἀπολογέομαι, while the revised gloss clarifies that the etymology is a straightforward compound of the privative alpha and ἀπολογέομαι, correcting the implication that a separate derivative is involved.

Original Strong's
from Α (as a negative particle) and a presumed derivative of ἀπολογέομαι; indefensible:--without an excuse, inexcusable.
SILEX Revision
Not able to offer a defense or justification; having no grounds for excuse or self-justification. Denotes the state of being without any valid defense or response when called to account for one’s actions or beliefs, particularly in a judicial, ethical, or rhetorical context. In the broader sense, applies to those who cannot offer a reasonable explanation or justification.
Formed from the prefix ἀν- (negating particle, ‘not’) and the adjective ἀπολόγητος (from ἀπολογέομαι, ‘to defend oneself, to make a defense’). Thus, ‘without defense’ or ‘unable to defend oneself.’
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the etymological claim in the original, stating the word is of uncertain origin and not directly derived from ὀπτάνομαι, contrary to the original which suggests a derivation from ὀπτάνομαι.

Original Strong's
perhaps from ὀπτάνομαι (through the idea of the shading or proximity to the organ of vision); the eye-"brow" or forehead, i.e. (figuratively) the brink of a precipice:--brow.
SILEX Revision
Eyebrow — the arch of hair above the human eye. In extended or metaphorical use, refers to the crest, edge, or brink of something elevated, especially the edge or rim of a cliff or precipice, drawing on visual similarity and the 'overhanging' sense implied by literal eyebrows. In certain literary contexts, may indicate the brow or forehead as the prominent upper part of the face.
From the Greek root ὀφρῦς (uncertain etymology), but see possible connection to ὀπτάνομαι (to see), presumably through the association with the organ of sight. However, direct morphological derivation is not established; the root is considered pre-Greek by some scholars.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's confident claim of a derivative of the base of ὀπτός, clarifying that the derivation is uncertain and only possibly related to ὀπτός. This addresses an overstatement in the original regarding the etymological certainty of the term's origin.

Original Strong's
neuter of a presumed derivative of the base of ὀπτός; a relish to other food (as if cooked sauce), i.e. (specially), fish (presumably salted and dried as a condiment):--fish.
SILEX Revision
Small fish or piece of fish, especially dried or salted, used as food; also generally a small portion of cooked food, often serving as a side dish or relish to accompany bread or the main meal. In later contexts, most often refers specifically to a small fish, typically prepared as a staple item in simple meals.
From ὀπτός ('roasted,' 'cooked') with the diminutive and substantive suffix -αριον, originally indicating a cooked item or small dish. Etymologically, refers to something roasted or prepared via cooking, but in usage commonly denotes a small fish or morsel of prepared food.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's confident etymology by stating that the derivation from ὀπίσω is uncertain and only possibly related, not definitive. This corrects the original's assertive etymological claim.

Original Strong's
from the same as ὀπίσω (through the idea of backwardness); (adverbially) late in the day; by extension, after the close of the day:--(at) even, in the end.
SILEX Revision
An adverb meaning 'late' or 'late in the day,' with its primary use referencing the late hours, particularly in the evening or toward nightfall. It can also denote 'after,' in the sense of a subsequent time, often as a prepositional phrase meaning 'after (an event)' when followed by a noun in the accusative. In some contexts, it specifies 'after sunset' or 'at evening time,' highlighting the period just before or after the end of daylight.
Formed from the same root as ὀπίσω ('behind,' 'after'), related to ὀπ- (root referring to 'back,' 'after,' or perceptual 'seeing,' possibly from the same Indo-European root as Latin 'opus' or 'post'). The word functions as a temporal adverb, using derived forms to specify lateness or sequence in time. Etymology traces to basic Greek element for 'after' or 'late,' but ultimate origin beyond early Greek is uncertain.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's etymology, noting that ἀνά does not strictly mean 'reversal,' but more commonly means 'up' or 'again.' This adjustment corrects Strong's more limited or possibly misleading etymological claim.

Original Strong's
from ἀνά (in the sense of reversal) and πτύσσω; to unroll (a scroll or volume):--open.
SILEX Revision
To open or unfold by unrolling, especially of scrolls or written documents; to expand or spread out by unrolling. The verb primarily refers to the physical act of unrolling a scroll or rolled object, but in some texts may extend metaphorically to the revealing or disclosure of the content within the unrolled object.
From ἀνά ('up, again, back') and πτύσσω ('to fold, to wrap'), thus 'to unroll, to unfold.' The verb is a compound where ἀνά expresses reversal or removal, and πτύσσω denotes folding (so, 'to open by unfolding').
Etymology

The SIBI gloss indicates that the etymology (derivation from 'opsarion') is less certain than the original implies, correcting the original's more definitive claim. It also clarifies that the meaning is broader in later usage, but the central disagreement is about the etymological certainty.

Original Strong's
neuter of a presumed derivative of the same as ὀψάριον; rations for a soldier, i.e. (by extension) his stipend or pay:-- wages.
SILEX Revision
A payment for service, particularly the wage or stipend provided to a soldier; in extended use, any compensation for labor or service, including food, provisions, or monetary payment. In the New Testament, often used metaphorically for the outcome or 'wages' of an action (e.g., 'wages of sin').
From the root ὀψων- (relating to cooked meat, relish, or provisions), likely formed analogously to ὀψάριον (cooked fish, relish); -ιον is a common Greek neuter diminutive/nominal ending. The term originally referred to the provision or payment given to soldiers, especially in the form of food, then extended to the concept of wages in general.
Etymology

The original gloss says the form is 'of a presumed derivative,' implying the formation is uncertain, whereas the revised gloss clearly identifies παιδάριον as the diminutive of παῖς, clarifying its morphological derivation. This corrects the original's unnecessary hesitation about derivation.

Original Strong's
neuter of a presumed derivative of παῖς; a little boy:--child, lad.
SILEX Revision
Diminutive form of 'child'; a young child, a little boy or girl, often implying smallness, youth, or affectionate diminutive. Used in Hellenistic Greek for children generally, without fixed age, but often suggesting a young or tender age. In some contexts, may also refer to a young servant or attendant.
Diminutive formed from παῖς (país, 'child, boy, girl') with the suffix -άριον, denoting smallness or endearment. Thus, παιδάριον literally means 'little child.'
Etymology

The revised gloss explicitly rejects Strong's etymological claim that παῖς derives from παίω ('to strike'), correcting the original's assertion. It states that current scholarship finds the root uncertain, with no secure derivation from παίω.

Original Strong's
perhaps from παίω; a boy (as often beaten with impunity), or (by analogy), a girl, and (genitive case) a child; specially, a slave or servant (especially a minister to a king; and by eminence to God):--child, maid(-en), (man) servant, son, young man.
SILEX Revision
A child—male or female—generally one who is young in age; also used to designate a youth or young person. In broader usage, refers to one who is in a subordinate or dependent social position, such as a servant or attendant, especially in relation to a household, royalty, or deity. Contextual sense may extend from familial and affectionate designations ('child, son, daughter') to formal roles within a social hierarchy ('servant, attendant'), depending upon relational dynamics and the context of address.
Derived from the root παῖ-; possibly related etymologically to παίω ('to strike, beat'), but this is uncertain; the formation is archaic with pre-classical Greek attestations. Related to words indicating 'child' in other Indo-European languages, though precise relation is debated.
Etymology

The original gloss suggests a primary verb status without qualification, whereas the revised gloss clarifies that the origin is uncertain and not clearly connected to other roots, correcting the implication of a known etymology.

Original Strong's
a primary verb; to hit (as if by a single blow and less violently than τύπτω); specially, to sting (as a scorpion):--smite, strike.
SILEX Revision
To strike, to hit, to inflict a blow (generally with the hand or an instrument). In certain contexts, to wound, to sting (especially of animals such as scorpions). The fundamental sense is the action of delivering a blow, which may range in severity from a light strike to a more injurious act; in figurative usage, can also refer to inflicting pain, injury, or harm without direct physical contact.
Root: παί-. The word παίω is of uncertain Indo-European etymology but is attested from Homeric Greek onward as the primary verb denoting the act of striking or hitting.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim that πάλαι is probably another form for πάλιν, clarifying that the etymology is uncertain and that it is not directly related to πάλιν.

Original Strong's
probably another form for πάλιν (through the idea of retrocession); (adverbially) formerly, or (by relatively) sometime since; (elliptically as adjective) ancient:--any while, a great while ago, (of) old, in time past.
SILEX Revision
Originally, 'a long time ago' or 'since long ago,' used to denote a point in the distant past either absolutely (e.g., in antiquity) or relative to a referenced time. In certain contexts, it describes something old or ancient, or refers to a state or action which began in the distant past and continues or is remembered. Rarely, functions adjectivally to signify 'ancient' or 'former.' The adverbial use is primary, but elliptical adjectival usage also appears, especially in formulaic expressions.
Related to the root πάλα ('long ago' in Homeric and classical Greek); likely from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'before, long ago.' Not derived from πάλιν ('again, back'), though the forms are superficially similar.
Etymology

The revised gloss rejects Strong's etymological claim that πάλη derives from βάλλω, stating the derivation is uncertain and there is no direct link. This corrects a specific error in the original.

Original Strong's
from (to vibrate; another form for βάλλω); wrestling:--+ wrestle.
SILEX Revision
A contest of physical struggle or grappling, specifically hand-to-hand wrestling; in figurative contexts, refers to intense struggle or conflict, especially in a non-physical or metaphorical sense (e.g., spiritual or moral contest). The primary sense is an athletic wrestling match, but is used as a metaphor for strenuous conflict or contention.
Derived from the root παλ- ('to swing, sway, vibrate'), possibly from πάλλω (pallō, 'to shake, brandish'); although sometimes connected to βάλλω (ballō, 'to throw'), its use is distinct and more closely associated with athletic or combative contexts.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's assertion of derivation from πάλη, indicating that the etymology is uncertain and the connection to πάλη is not definitively established.

Original Strong's
probably from the same as πάλη (through the idea of oscillatory repetition); (adverbially) anew, i.e. (of place) back, (of time) once more, or (conjunctionally) furthermore or on the other hand:--again.
SILEX Revision
As an adverb, πάλιν primarily means 'again'—denoting repetition or return to a previous state or action. It extends to mean 'anew,' 'once more,' or indicates a reversal or response. In discourse, it can introduce an additional statement or contrast ('furthermore,' 'on the other hand'). The semantic scope covers both temporal repetition and logical progression or contrast in argumentation.
Related to the Greek root πάλ- (as in πάλη, 'struggle'), but the precise derivation of πάλιν is uncertain. It functions as an adverb independent of a clear verbal or nominal root in standard Greek etymologies. Etymology uncertain beyond possible association with the idea of motion (return/repetition).
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's etymological derivation. The original asserts Pamphylia is from πᾶς and πυρά ('every-tribal, i.e. heterogeneous'), while the revised states the name possibly comes from πᾶς and φυλή ('all tribes'), but that the precise etymology is debated and uncertain. The original also incorrectly supplies the root πυρά instead of φυλή, and the revised cautions against implying inherent 'heterogeneity' from the name.

Original Strong's
from a compound of πᾶς and πυρά; every-tribal, i.e. heterogeneous (χώρα being implied); Pamphylia, a region of Asia Minor:--Pamphylia.
SILEX Revision
Pamphylia; the region known as Pamphylia, located on the southern coast of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), particularly between Lycia and Cilicia, along the Mediterranean. The term refers specifically to the geographical region but may, in some contexts, connote its inhabitants or the cultural heterogeneity of the area due to its historical settlement by various populations.
From Greek Παμφυλία, traditionally interpreted as deriving from πᾶς (all/every) + φυλή (tribe/race); thus 'land of all tribes'. However, some modern scholars suggest the name is of pre-Greek (Anatolian) origin, and the folk etymology explaining it as 'all tribes' may not reflect the actual etymology. Etymology uncertain.