SILEX Revision Notes

Strong's Concordance was first published in 1890. While it remains an invaluable reference, advances in linguistics, archaeology, and textual studies over the past 130 years have revealed areas where its glosses can be improved. These revision notes document where the Scattered Israelites Lexicon (SILEX) corrects or clarifies Strong's entries based on modern Biblical scholarship.

14185
Strong's Entries
14185
Reviewed
9141
Revisions
9141
Corrections Found
Language:
All Hebrew (6190) Greek (2951)
Category:
All Etymology (4259) Definition (4257) Multiple (307) Tradition (141) Theological (106) Anachronism (71)
Etymology

The original gloss claims the word is the genitive case and from a presumed derivative, which the revised gloss corrects by stating that there is no connection to the genitive case and clarifying the adverbial formation from πᾶς with a suffix.

Original Strong's
genitive case (as adverb of place) of a presumed derivative of πᾶς; universally:--in all places, everywhere.
SILEX Revision
Adverb indicating 'in every place' or 'everywhere,' used to signify presence or action occurring in all locations without restriction. It emphasizes total coverage or ubiquity in spatial terms, and in some contexts, may be used hyperbolically for widespread effect.
From the root πᾶν- (all, every), ultimately from πᾶς (all), with the adverbial suffix -αχοῦ, which denotes place or position, forming an adverb of place. Related to other adverbial formations such as ἐνταῦθα ('here') and ἀλλαχοῦ ('elsewhere').
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects Strong's claim that the word is from a derivative of ἀνίστημι, noting that the exact morphological derivation is debated and providing a broader explanation of the components. The revised gloss does not affirm Strong's precise etymological assertion.

Original Strong's
from a derivative of ἀνίστημι (in the sense of removal); properly, to drive out of home, i.e. (by implication) to disturb (literally or figuratively):--trouble, turn upside down, make an uproar.
SILEX Revision
To disturb, cause disorder, or disrupt settled conditions; to drive out or provoke upheaval, often implying significant social, civil, or personal unrest. In context, typically refers to causing public commotion, unrest, or a state of turmoil, whether literally (as in driving people from their homes or cities) or figuratively (upsetting established ways or beliefs).
From ἀναστατός ('driven from home, disturbed, unsettled'), itself derived from ἀνίστημι ('to raise, to make rise, to arise, to rise up') with the sense of causing to stand up or be removed from a fixed position. Thus, ἀναστατόω means to make someone/something ‘anastatos,’ that is, disturbed or uprooted. No evidence of non-Greek borrowing; the word formation is Greek.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's implied derivation from λέγω in the sense of 'to speak'. It clarifies that the verb derives from λέγομαι in an older sense meaning 'to lie' or 'to stretch', specifically in a nautical context, not the common meaning 'to speak'. This corrects a potential etymological misunderstanding present in the original.

Original Strong's
from παρά and the middle voice of λέγω (in its original sense); (specially), to lay one's course near, i.e. sail past:--pass, sail by.
SILEX Revision
To sail past or along beside, to travel by sea near a specific location. The word primarily denotes the action of a ship passing close to or along the shore of a geographical feature. In extended or figurative usage (rare outside nautical contexts), it can refer generally to moving past or alongside any object.
From παρά (beside, near) and λέγω in its older sense ('to lay, arrange'), not the more common Koine sense ('to speak'). The compound thus originally means 'to lay (one's course) beside.'
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the root derivation: the original claims the word comes from 'the base of σημαίνω', while the revised gloss properly derives it from σῆμα. This is a correction of the etymological origin.

Original Strong's
from παρά and the base of σημαίνω; side-marked, i.e. labelled (with a badge (figure-head) of a ship):--sign.
SILEX Revision
Bearing a distinguishing mark or sign, typically one placed prominently for identification. In particular contexts, refers to something marked at the side, such as a ship carrying a specific figurehead or emblem, indicating identity or affiliation. Extended use includes any symbol, artifact, or visual identifier marked on an object to convey information about its origin, owner, or character.
Formed from the preposition παρά ('beside, near, at the side of') and the root of σῆμα ('sign, mark'). Thus, literally 'marked at the side' or 'beside the mark.'
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the etymology, noting that the term is of uncertain, likely non-Greek origin, rather than simply being a feminine of a presumed Greek root or term, as implied in the original.

Original Strong's
feminine of (a panther); a leopard:--leopard.
SILEX Revision
A large spotted feline, specifically a leopard or panther. In literary and figurative usage, refers to a predatory animal known for its speed, agility, and distinct spotted markings. In biblical and Hellenistic contexts, often used symbolically to denote ferocity, swiftness, or the dangerous, unpredictable nature of certain kingdoms or rulers.
Rooted in the Greek πάρδαλις, originally referring to a leopard or panther. The exact origin is uncertain; related to παρδάλος ('spotted'), possibly borrowed from a pre-Greek substrate or a non-Indo-European language.
Etymology

The SIBI gloss corrects the original Strong's etymology; Strong's incorrectly derives the word from κτήτωρ, while the SIBI gloss identifies the correct root as παρίημι.

Original Strong's
from κτήτωρ; praetermission, i.e. toleration:--remission.
SILEX Revision
Act of letting go, disregard, or overlooking (of an offense, obligation, or debt); in certain contexts, the act of passing over or not implementing a penalty or obligation. In Hellenistic and Koine Greek, often refers to the forbearance or postponement of reckoning, rather than full and complete cancellation.
Formed from the preposition παρά (beside, beyond) + ἴημι (to send, let go). Thus, πάρεσις literally denotes 'letting pass' or 'passing by.'
Etymology

The revised gloss notes that the exact verbal root is uncertain and specifically relates the derivation to τέλλω (to accomplish, to set in motion) rather than the 'base of τέλος' as in Strong's, narrowing the claimed origin and indicating more etymological uncertainty than the original.

Original Strong's
from ἀνά and the base of τέλος; to (cause to) arise:--(a-, make to) rise, at the rising of, spring (up), be up.
SILEX Revision
To cause to rise up, to appear above the horizon, to become visible (typically of celestial bodies such as the sun or stars); by extension, to spring up or emerge (of plants, events, or persons). In extended uses, can refer metaphorically to the emergence or appearance of something not previously visible or present, such as a new circumstance or a notable figure.
From ἀνά (up, upwards) + the root τελλ-/τελ- (related to rising, accomplishing, completing). The verb ἀνατέλλω arose from the combination of these elements, emphasizing the action of rising or causing to rise upward.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects Strong's assertion that the name Parmenas is 'probably by contraction for (a derivative of a compound of παρά and μένω); constant.' The revised gloss explicitly notes that the exact etymology is uncertain and avoids assigning a definite meaning, thus correcting Strong's confident etymological claim.

Original Strong's
probably by contraction for (a derivative of a compound of παρά and μένω); constant; Parmenas, a Christian:--Parmenas.
SILEX Revision
A proper name: Parmenas. Used as a personal name in the New Testament, primarily referring to one of the seven chosen in Jerusalem (Acts 6:5); functions as an identifier of an individual rather than carrying an independent lexical meaning in context. The name may embody the sense of 'steadfastness' or 'one who remains (faithful/beside),' but this is secondary to its use as a name.
From Greek elements παρά ('beside, with') and μένω ('to remain, abide'), likely contracted from a compound derivative, thus conveying the sense of 'one who remains beside' or 'steadfast.' Etymology uncertain due to limited evidence of the name outside biblical usage.
Etymology

The REVISED gloss corrects the ORIGINAL's etymological claim, noting that the derivation from οἴομαι is debated and uncertain. The ORIGINAL presents the etymology more confidently, while the REVISED gloss clarifies that scholarly consensus views it as unclear.

Original Strong's
from a compound of παρά and perhaps a derivative of οἴομαι; apparently a state alongside of supposition, i.e. (concretely) an adage; specially, an enigmatical or fictitious illustration:--parable, proverb.
SILEX Revision
A concise saying, maxim, or metaphorical expression; in some contexts, an enigmatic saying or figurative speech requiring interpretation. Primary meaning is a proverbial or pithy saying, with extended senses including metaphorical illustrations, riddles, or parables used to convey moral, practical, or spiritual lessons.
From παρά (beside, alongside) and the root οἶμος (way, path), or possibly from a related notion to οἴομαι (to suppose, think), though the precise etymology is debated. The term denotes something said 'alongside' or 'in comparison to', hence a comparison, saying, or figure.
Etymology

The original incorrectly omits the verb ὀτρύνω (otrynō) in its etymology, implying an incomplete root derivation. The revised gloss corrects this, clearly identifying παρά and ὀτρύνω as the constituent elements.

Original Strong's
from παρά and (to spur); to urge along, i.e. stimulate (to hostility):--stir up.
SILEX Revision
To arouse, incite, or provoke someone to action, often with emphasis on urging toward a particular attitude or response, whether positive or negative; especially, to stimulate or egg on (often with an implication of agitation or provocation). In Koine and New Testament settings, most commonly denotes incitement to negative or hostile action.
Formed from the prefix παρά (beside, from) and the verb ὀτρύνω (to urge, to spur on, to encourage). Thus, it literally means 'to spur on from beside,' conveying the sense of closely urging or pressing someone to action.
Etymology

The revised gloss indicates that the specific derivation is uncertain, and challenges the original's claim of derivation from the base of ὀψάριον. It also highlights that older glosses limited the term to 'side-dish,' which is too narrow.

Original Strong's
from παρά and the base of ὀψάριον; a side-dish (the receptacle):--platter.
SILEX Revision
A dish or platter, especially one used for serving food, often side dishes or delicacies accompanying a main meal. In broader usage, any shallow dish or serving plate, but typically one larger and more formal than a simple bowl or personal plate. In some contexts, refers specifically to a ceremonial or ornate platter used in banqueting or ritual meals.
From παρά ('beside, alongside') and a root related to ὀψάριον (a diminutive form of ὄψον, 'cooked food,' especially relish, seasoning, or fish served with bread). The formation suggests 'something that accompanies (food)' or 'dish for relishes.'
Etymology

The SIBI gloss corrects the original Strong's etymology, noting that the standard derivation from ῥέω ('to flow') is incorrect and that the proper derivation is from πᾶς ('all') and ῥῆσις ('speech').

Original Strong's
from πᾶς and a derivative of ῥέω; all out-spokenness, i.e. frankness, bluntness, publicity; by implication, assurance:--bold (X -ly, -ness, -ness of speech), confidence, X freely, X openly, X plainly(-ness).
SILEX Revision
Freedom of speech or expression, especially the unreserved or candid expression of thoughts, speech, or conviction; by extension, confidence or boldness in speaking, particularly in public or before authorities. The term encompasses both the right to speak openly and the actual act of speaking openly and without fear, especially on matters of importance or conviction. In later and specific contexts, can indicate a state of assurance, courage, or lack of fear before others.
From παρά (beside, with) and ῥῆσις (speech), related to ῥέω (to flow). The root conveys the idea of speaking freely or openly—'saying everything.' The common explanation of πᾶς (all) + ῥέω (to speak) is folk etymology; the more accurate etymology is 'speaking in the presence of all' rather than 'all-saying.'
Etymology

The SIBI gloss corrects the Strong's etymological claim that the root is 'apparently a primary verb,' clarifying that the root is uncertain and not clearly derived from other Greek words.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary verb; to experience a sensation or impression (usually painful):--feel, passion, suffer, vex.
SILEX Revision
To undergo an experience, especially to be subject to something (typically suffering or enduring something unpleasant). In context, often means to suffer, to experience hardship, pain, or misfortune, but can also refer more broadly to experiencing any kind of event or happening, including positive ones, though negative sense is dominant in Koine Greek. The word does not specify emotional responses, but focuses on the fact of enduring or being affected by circumstances.
Root: πάσχ-; possibly related to the older Greek πάθω (aorist form), drawing from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ-, 'to fasten, settle' or potentially from *pent-, 'to suffer' (the precise etymology is debated; see LSJ and modern etymological resources). The word is primary in form within Greek, not a compound or borrowing.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's implication that the name might be of foreign (but unspecified) origin by specifying that the etymology is uncertain but most likely Anatolian or pre-Greek, rather than Greek, clarifying the original's vagueness.

Original Strong's
probably of foreign origin; Patara, a place in Asia Minor:--Patara.
SILEX Revision
Patara; a city in Lycia on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor. In biblical and Hellenistic sources, the name functions strictly as a geographic toponym designating this harbor city, which was a significant coastal port in antiquity.
The name is of likely Lycian origin, not Greek; etymology uncertain. Although rendered in Greek as Πάταρα (Pátara), it preserves the local Anatolian place name without adaptation to Greek roots or morphology.
Etymology

The original gloss asserts a root connection to the meaning 'path', but the revised gloss clarifies that the verb is related to 'to strike, hit' (παίω), and explicitly denies any direct etymological connection to 'path'. The revised gloss corrects the original's etymology.

Original Strong's
from a derivative probably of παίω (meaning a "path"); to trample (literally or figuratively):--tread (down, under foot).
SILEX Revision
To tread or step upon with the feet; primarily denotes physical trampling, stepping, or walking on (as over a path or object). By extension, can mean 'to trample down' in the sense of subduing, destroying, or treating something with disregard. In both literal and figurative contexts, the word expresses the act of pressing with the feet, whether walking over land, objects, or even persons, or implying contempt or domination by force.
Derived from the root πατ- (pat-) which is likely a variant or derivative of παίω (paiō, 'to strike, beat'), though the connection is not completely certain. Closely related to Latin 'pateo' and Greek πάτος (patos, 'a trodden way, path').
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's erroneous claim that the word derives from παράσημος. It correctly states it is derived from πάτηρ, and explicitly notes the original etymology is incorrect.

Original Strong's
from παράσημος; a father-land, i.e. native town; (figuratively) heavenly home:--(own) country.
SILEX Revision
Fatherland or homeland; denotes the land or place associated with one's paternal or ancestral origin. Primarily refers to one's native land, city, or region, often designating the place where a person is born or from which their family originates. Can also refer more generally to one's native country or, by extension, to one's homeland in a communal or ethnic sense. Occasionally used more broadly for a place regarded as one's home territory or, by extension, in metaphorical senses such as a heavenly homeland (as in some later or figurative usages).
From the Greek root πατρ- (patr-), related to πατήρ (patēr, "father"), plus the feminine suffix -ίς (-is), forming nouns indicating a connection to ancestry or origin. The word thus literally means 'of a father,' signifying the land of one's paternal ancestors. Not related to the Strong's suggestion 'from παράσημος.'
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's assertion regarding the etymology of 'Patrobas.' While the original states it is 'perhaps a contraction for (a compound of πατήρ and βίος),' the revised acknowledges the uncertainty of the derivation, noting that the precise origin is uncertain and cautioning against assigning interpretive meaning.

Original Strong's
perhaps a contraction for (a compound of πατήρ and βίος); father's life; Patrobas, a Christian:--Patrobas.
SILEX Revision
A masculine proper name, Patrobas; used as a personal name. The likely meaning is 'father's life,' indicating one whose life is dedicated to, derived from, or perpetuates that of the father. Attested in the New Testament as a personal name of a member of an early Christ-movement community in Rome (Romans 16:14).
From the Greek elements πατήρ (patēr, 'father') and βίος (bios, 'life'), possibly as a contraction or combination meaning 'life of the father' or 'father-lived.'
Etymology

The original gloss suggests a possible remote derivation of Παῦλος from the Greek verb παύω ('to stop, cease'). The revised gloss explicitly corrects this, stating that Παῦλος is unrelated to παύω and that the connection is linguistically unfounded.

Original Strong's
of Latin origin; (little; but remotely from a derivative of παύω, meaning the same); Paulus, the name of a Roman and of an apostle:--Paul, Paulus.
SILEX Revision
A proper name used for a Roman citizen, most notably the apostle known as Paul in the New Testament. The primary lexical sense is that of a Roman cognomen, not a common Greek word. As a name, it functions as an identifier rather than conveying adjectival meaning ('small/little') in literary Greek contexts; its use is as a personal designation for a specific individual, especially the apostle Paul, formerly known as Saul. It does not carry the connotation of 'small' in ordinary Greek usage.
Loanword from Latin 'Paulus,' a Roman family name meaning 'small, little.' Sometimes connected with Greek παῦρος ('small, little'), but primarily of Latin origin as a name; not derived from Greek παύω ('to stop, cease').
Etymology

The original gloss traces the verb to the English 'pause,' suggesting an etymological connection, while the revised gloss clarifies that the Greek origin is uncertain with no clearly established derivation. Thus, the revised gloss corrects the implied English etymology present in the original.

Original Strong's
a primary verb ("pause"); to stop (transitively or intransitively), i.e. restrain, quit, desist, come to an end:--cease, leave, refrain.
SILEX Revision
To bring to an end, to cause to stop, to restrain (transitive); to cease, to come to an end, to desist (intransitive). The core sense is a cessation of an action or state, either actively (to cause someone or something to stop) or passively (to stop oneself or come to a halt).
From the Greek root παυ-, with no known derivation from another Indo-European source; attested as a simple Koine and classical Greek verb meaning 'to stop'.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original etymology by clarifying that a direct derivation from πήγνυμι is uncertain and suggests alternative possibilities, while the original simply asserts the derivative link.

Original Strong's
from a derivative of πήγνυμι (meaning thick); to thicken, i.e. (by implication) to fatten (figuratively, stupefy or render callous):--wax gross.
SILEX Revision
To make thick or fat, to become thickened or fattened; by extension, to render insensitive, unresponsive, or dull (especially in a figurative sense regarding perception or understanding). The primary sense concerns physical thickening or becoming obese, but metaphorically it indicates a state of dulled perception or moral insensitivity.
From a derivative of the root πηγ- (πήγνυμι, meaning 'to make firm, to fix'), with the sense development from 'to thicken' to 'to make fat' and 'to become insensitive'.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original by stating that the etymology of πείθω is uncertain, whereas the original presents it as a 'primary verb' without acknowledging possible uncertainty or debate regarding its root.

Original Strong's
a primary verb; to convince (by argument, true or false); by analogy, to pacify or conciliate (by other fair means); reflexively or passively, to assent (to evidence or authority), to rely (by inward certainty):--agree, assure, believe, have confidence, be (wax) conflent, make friend, obey, persuade, trust, yield.
SILEX Revision
To persuade or convince someone of the truth or value of something, to bring about belief or trust through argument or demonstration; by extension, to win over, induce confidence, or induce assent. In the passive or middle voice, to be persuaded, to trust, to rely upon (often with an inward sense of conviction or confidence); also to obey or be obedient, particularly where trust leads to compliance.
From the Greek root πειθ- (peith-), meaning 'to persuade' or 'to convince.' The etymology is native to Greek and can be traced to Homeric and classical usages focused on persuasion, trust, and reliability.
Etymology

The original gloss asserts a specific etymology ('through the idea of pinching toil; "pine"'), whereas the revised gloss notes that the connection to πένης is probable but the exact etymological development is uncertain. This revises the original's confident etymology.

Original Strong's
from the same as πένης (through the idea of pinching toil; "pine"); to famish (absolutely or comparatively); figuratively, to crave:--be an hungered.
SILEX Revision
To experience hunger, to be in a state of wanting food. In its primary sense, refers to physical hunger or lack of sustenance. By extension, may express strong desire or longing for something not possessed, especially in metaphorical or figurative speech, such as longing for justice (e.g., 'hungering and thirsting for righteousness'). The literal meaning dominates in both narrative and discourse contexts of Koine Greek, but figurative senses do appear.
Derived from the root πειν-, related to πένης (penēs, 'poor'), with verbal morphology. The root likely conveys the idea of want or poverty, as found in related terms for lack or need.
Etymology

The SIBI gloss directly corrects the original's etymology, which claims a relation to πέραν ('across') and the idea of 'piercing.' The revised gloss states that modern scholarship does not support a connection to πέραν or to a meaning based on 'piercing,' identifying the real derivation as likely from πειράω (to attempt, to try).

Original Strong's
from the base of πέραν (through the idea of piercing); a test, i.e. attempt, experience:--assaying, trial.
SILEX Revision
A trial or attempt; the act of making an effort to do something, often with the sense of testing or trying, but may also denote an experiment or experience that probes capabilities or character. The term ranges from a neutral attempt at something, to a more purposeful or challenging test of a person or thing.
Derived from the root πεῖρ-; related to πειράω/πειράζω ('to attempt, to try, to test'). Ultimate etymology is uncertain, but potentially Indo-European, with cognates in related Greek verbs indicating the sense of 'attempting' or 'proving.'
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the etymology provided by Strong's, rejecting the connection to πλήσσω and affirming a more direct derivation from πέλεκυς ('axe').

Original Strong's
from a derivative of πλήσσω (meaning an axe); to chop off (the head), i.e. truncate:--behead.
SILEX Revision
To cut with an axe or similar instrument; more specifically, to behead or remove a part by chopping, typically referring to the removal of the head by decapitation. The core sense is that of striking off by force with a bladed tool. In some contexts, it may refer to general chopping or felling, but in Koine Greek, its use is specialized for the action of beheading.
Derived from πέλεκυς (pelekys, 'axe') with the verb-forming suffix -ίζω, indicating an action performed with an axe. The verb thus originally means 'to axe' or 'to hew with an axe.'
Etymology

The Strong's gloss suggests 'apparently a primary verb' but connects it to possible roots and other Greek verbs, while the revised gloss notes the etymology is uncertain—indicating that Strong's implied etymological connections are not supported by modern scholarship.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary verb; to dispatch (from the subjective view or point of departure, whereas (as a stronger form of ) refers rather to the objective point or terminus ad quem, and στέλλω denotes properly, the orderly motion involved), especially on a temporary errand; also to transmit, bestow, or wield:--send, thrust in.
SILEX Revision
To cause someone or something to go from one place to another, to send, dispatch, or commission. The verb generally denotes the act by which a sender initiates or authorizes the movement or transmission of a person, message, or object. It can refer both to sending on a specific mission or errand, as well as broader senses of transmitting, delivering, or granting something. While it may sometimes imply a sense of commissioning or assigning, it lacks the nuance of authority or mission that related verbs (such as ἀποστέλλω) often carry.
Primary verb of uncertain etymology, not clearly connected to other Indo-European roots; possibly of Pre-Greek origin.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's use of 'multiplicative' (misleading in English grammar) and clarifies that πεντήκοντα is formed with a numerical suffix denoting 'five tens,' not as an active multiplicative form. The original's etymological description is imprecise, and the revised provides a more accurate breakdown of Greek numeral formation.

Original Strong's
multiplicative of πέντε; fifty:--fifty.
SILEX Revision
The numeral for fifty; denoting the quantity 50. In various contexts, πεντήκοντα is used in simple enumeration, measurements, time periods, and in reference to groupings of fifty.
Derived from πέντε (five) with the addition of the -κοντα suffix marking multiples of ten in Greek numerals; literally, 'five tens' or 'fifty'.
Etymology

The original falsely links the word to πάσχω ('to suffer'), while the revised gloss corrects this, indicating it actually derives from πείθω ('to persuade' or 'to trust').

Original Strong's
from the perfect of the alternate of πάσχω; reliance:--confidence, trust.
SILEX Revision
State of being confident or assured due to reliance on someone or something; in most contexts, 'confidence' or 'trust' grounded in persuasion or conviction, especially in the reliability, character, or promises of another. It often carries the nuance of an inward sense of assurance or firmness that arises from persuasion or established trust, particularly in interpersonal or communal relationships.
From the perfect passive form of the verb πείθω ('to persuade, to convince'), indicating a state resulting from having been persuaded or convinced. The word denotes the settled result of prior persuasion or trust that has become established.
Etymology

The revised gloss states that the precise root of 'περ' is uncertain, whereas the original asserts it comes from the base of πέραν. This corrects the original's etymological claim, showing a material disagreement on the derivation.

Original Strong's
from the base of πέραν; an enclitic particle significant of abundance (thoroughness), i.e. emphasis; much, very or ever:--(whom-)soever.
SILEX Revision
An enclitic particle used to intensify or emphasize another word, indicating indefiniteness, abundance, or generalization. Often imparts the sense of 'any,' 'every,' 'whoever,' or 'whatever' with an added nuance of thoroughness or unrestricted scope, especially in indefinite or relative constructions. Has no independent lexical meaning but modifies a pronoun or adjective to signal a heightened degree or inclusivity.
Related to πέραν ('beyond,' 'across'), but as a particle, περ is an enclitic of intensification or specification. Derivation as a particle is independent of its prepositional origins, and its use is ancient in Greek. Functions as a postpositional particle attached to pronouns, adverbs, or conjunctions.
Etymology

The SIBI gloss corrects the Strong's etymology: Strong's claims the word is from a root meaning 'to pierce,' but the SIBI gloss states its origin is uncertain and that the 'piercing' idea is outdated and incorrect.

Original Strong's
apparently accusative case of an obsolete derivative of (to "pierce"); through (as adverb or preposition), i.e. across:--beyond, farther (other) side, over.
SILEX Revision
As an adverb or preposition, pÉran primarily means 'on the other side, across, beyond.' It indicates relative position with respect to a dividing line, space, or boundary—often referring to something located on the far or opposite side. In context, it can denote spatial separation (across a river, over to another shore or region), and, more rarely, figurative separation (across a barrier or limit).
Derived from an older, now-obsolete stem related to piercing or passing through, but the exact etymology is uncertain. The form is related to classical Greek πέραν, with parallel adverbial and prepositional uses.
Etymology

The original gloss claims that 'Pergamos' is derived from 'pýrgos' ('tower'), whereas the revised gloss corrects this, indicating the etymology is uncertain and a direct derivation is unclear.

Original Strong's
from πύργος; fortified; Pergamus, a place in Asia Minor:--Pergamos.
SILEX Revision
An urban center; Pergamos (Pergamum), a city in the region of Asia in western Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), known in antiquity for its political, religious, and cultural significance. Used specifically as a toponym referring to this major Hellenistic city. The word may also evoke the sense of a fortified or elevated place due to its etymological roots, though in the New Testament context it functions solely as a geographic name.
Derived from the root πέργαμος, likely related to πύργος (tower, fortress) or περ- (to enclose, surround), with a possible sense of 'fortified height' or 'citadel.' The name is attested as a place name in Asia Minor from Hellenistic times. Ultimate origin is likely pre-Greek or Anatolian, though Greek popular etymology associated it with the concept of a fortress or high citadel.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's assertion that the name derives from 'a tower' and highlights that this is a conjecture lacking linguistic evidence. The original presents the 'tower' meaning as probable, while the revised gloss expresses uncertainty about the derivation and removes the definition 'a tower.'

Original Strong's
probably from the same as Πέργαμος; a tower; Perga, a place in Asia Minor:--Perga.
SILEX Revision
Perga, a city in the region of Pamphylia in southern Asia Minor, primarily used as a proper place name referring to this specific urban center. The word itself carries no additional lexical meaning beyond designating this location.
From the same root as Πέργαμος (Pergamos), likely related to the term πέργη meaning 'fortress' or 'tower.' The origin of the name is probably pre-Greek (Anatolian or Luwian), as names of the form 'Perg-' appear frequently in Asia Minor, but this is uncertain.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim that περί derives from the base of πέραν. It states that the etymology is uncertain and the connection to πέραν ('beyond') is not supported by modern linguistic studies.

Original Strong's
from the base of πέραν; properly, through (all over), i.e. around; figuratively with respect to; used in various applications, of place, cause or time (with the genitive case denoting the subject or occasion or superlative point; with the accusative case the locality, circuit, matter, circumstance or general period):--(there-)about, above, against, at, on behalf of, X and his company, which concern, (as) concerning, for, X how it will go with, ((there-, where-)) of, on, over, pertaining (to), for sake, X (e-)state, (as) touching, (where-)by (in), with. In comparative, it retains substantially the same meaning of circuit (around), excess (beyond), or completeness (through).
SILEX Revision
A preposition primarily expressing the idea of 'around' or 'about,' both in physical and metaphorical senses. With the genitive, it denotes concerning, about, in regard to, or with reference to someone or something. With the accusative, it can mean around (spatially), about, or concerning, sometimes with an added nuance of purpose (for the sake of) or extension (beyond). Adopts specialized senses in idiomatic or formulaic expressions across varying genres of Greek.
From the root περί, closely related to πέραν ('across, beyond'), ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *per ('through, around').
Etymology

The original Strong's gloss claims the second element is the base of πέραν ('to pass over, cross'), while the revised gloss corrects this by stating it derives from πείρω ('to pierce'), which better matches the evident lexical root. This is an etymological correction.

Original Strong's
from περί and the base of πέραν; to penetrate entirely, i.e. transfix (figuratively):--pierce through.
SILEX Revision
To pierce or run through completely; to transfix. The primary meaning involves the action of causing an object (typically a sharp instrument such as a spear, sword, or thorn) to go entirely through something. In figurative extension, it can mean to subject someone to intense distress or sorrow (as in being pierced with grief or pain).
From the preposition περί (around, about) and the verb κείρω (to pierce, from the root of πέραν, to go through or across). The construction literally suggests 'to run through entirely, to pierce through.'
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the etymology presented in the original. The original claims the word is from a derivative of a compound ('ἀνήρ' and 'πούς'), whereas the revised gloss specifies it is derived from 'ἀνδράποδον,' itself from 'ἀνήρ' and 'πούς.' The revised gloss clarifies the root and corrects Strong's indirect derivation.

Original Strong's
from a derivative of a compound of ἀνήρ and πούς; an enslaver (as bringing men to his feet):--menstealer.
SILEX Revision
One who enslaves others; specifically, a person who takes others captive for the purpose of selling them as slaves (slave-dealer, kidnapper, human trafficker). The core sense is of seizing or trafficking in humans for profit or forced labor. In certain legal contexts, refers to one who forcibly abducts others and reduces them to slavery.
From ἀνδραπόδον (andrapodon, 'slave captured in war,' literally 'man-foot'), itself from ἀνήρ ('man, adult male') + πούς ('foot') with the agent suffix -ιστής. The word thus originally denoted one who deals in or creates 'human cattle,' i.e., by capturing people and turning them into slaves.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the etymology in Strong's, noting that the gloss 'to think beyond' is oversimplified. It clarifies that the prefix does not primarily mean physical distance but intensifies the contemptuous sense. The revised definition also broadens the nuance, emphasizing evaluative and cognitive disdain rather than mere depreciation.

Original Strong's
from περί and φρονέω; to think beyond, i.e. depreciate (contemn):--despise.
SILEX Revision
To hold in contempt, to look down on or scorn; to regard as unworthy of respect. The verb primarily denotes an attitude of disregard or contempt towards someone or something, expressing a dismissive or disdainful evaluation. In various contexts, it may connote active belittlement or scorning, not merely passive neglect.
From περί ('around, about, beyond') and φρονέω ('to think, to have an attitude'), signifying 'to think around/about someone or something' in a sense that conveys thinking above or beyond them, hence to despise or scorn.
Etymology

The revised gloss clarifies that the etymology of περπερεύομαι is uncertain, only likely related to περπερος, whereas the original Strong's gloss presents the etymological derivation as more definitive. The revised gloss corrects the certainty and specifies the uncertainty in the word's derivation.

Original Strong's
middle voice from (braggart; perhaps by reduplication of the base of πέραν); to boast:--vaunt itself.
SILEX Revision
To behave in an arrogant or boastful manner, to manifest self-importance or presumption; to display oneself ostentatiously or speak with excessive pride. In various contexts, this can indicate making a show of oneself, parading one's supposed virtues or achievements, or acting with pretentious self-congratulation.
Formed with a reduplicative process, possibly from the noun περπερος (‘braggart, boaster’), itself of uncertain etymology in Greek. The middle-passive verbal form περπερεύομαι reflects the act of self-display or self-promotion.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim that the verb has a straightforward 'primary' root in Greek, stating instead that its origin is uncertain and its base is not securely attested in earlier Greek. The revised note also offers clarification on voice usage, but the core disagreement is about the etymology.

Original Strong's
middle voice of a primary verb; to fly:--fly(-ing).
SILEX Revision
To move through the air by means of wings or an analogous mode of locomotion; to fly. In extended or metaphorical uses, to move swiftly or soar, or to be airborne. The primary sense is of flight by birds or winged creatures, but may also refer to any rapid movement through the air or, by extension, swift movement more generally.
From the root πετ- in Greek, associated with movement through the air, especially as applied to birds and other winged beings. Cognate with the reduplicated form πέτομαι found in Homeric and classical Greek. There is no clear derivation from outside of Greek, and the verb is considered inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pet-, 'to rush, to fly'.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original Strong's assertion that πέτρα is the feminine of the same as Πέτρος, instead clarifying that while the two are related by analogy, πέτρα is likely of Pre-Greek origin and not a direct derivation from Πέτρος. The etymological link in Strong's is thus overstated or incorrect.

Original Strong's
feminine of the same as Πέτρος; a (mass of) rock (literally or figuratively):--rock.
SILEX Revision
A large mass of rock, bedrock, or rocky outcrop; by extension, used metaphorically for something firm, stable, or foundational. The term refers primarily to a solid, immovable rock formation as opposed to a detached stone or small rock. In some contexts, it denotes a place characterized by rocky terrain, a cliff, or the idea of an unyielding basis or foundation.
From the Greek root πέτρ- (petr-), of uncertain origin but widely attested in Greek for 'rock, boulder, crag.' Cognate with but distinct from πέτρος (Petros), which refers more specifically to a detached stone or rock.
Etymology

The original gloss claims Πέτρος is 'apparently a primary word' and defines it as a 'piece of rock (larger than λίθος),' whereas the revised gloss indicates the etymology is of uncertain origin, possibly derived from 'πέτρα.' It also clarifies the distinction between Πέτρος (a detached stone, smaller than bedrock) and πέτρα (bedrock/mass of rock), correcting the original's lack of nuance about size and derivation.

Original Strong's
apparently a primary word; a (piece of) rock (larger than λίθος); as a name, Petrus, an apostle:--Peter, rock. Compare Κηφᾶς.
SILEX Revision
Proper name, meaning 'rock, stone.' Πέτρος denotes a detached mass of rock or a stone, often larger or more substantial than λίθος (a smaller stone or pebble). In the New Testament, it is chiefly used as the given name for Simon, one of the leading members of Jesus's disciples, to whom this appellation is attributed as a nickname or symbolic name. The core sense is 'rock,' but in most contexts the term is a personal name. The use of Πέτρος is closely associated with the idea of stability, firmness, or foundational character, deriving from the physical imagery of a large stone or rock.
Greek root πετρ-, related to πέτρα ('rock, rocky outcrop'). Formed as a masculine noun to serve as a personal name, likely paralleling the Aramaic כֵּיפָא (Kēphā, 'rock').
Etymology

The revised gloss notes the etymology is uncertain, challenging the original's definite claim of derivation from πήγνυμι. It suggests a possible relation rather than a confirmed root, thus correcting the Strong's gloss.

Original Strong's
from πήγνυμι; rue (from its thick or fleshy leaves):--rue.
SILEX Revision
A plant known as 'rue,' recognized for its aromatic, bitter leaves and use as a culinary herb or medicinal plant; in Greco-Roman and Judean contexts, refers specifically to the common rue (Ruta graveolens). The term designates the plant itself and by extension, its leaves used for seasoning or ritual, rather than a derivative product. In the New Testament, appears in the context of tithing garden herbs.
From the Greek root πηγ- (to fasten, make firm, fix), possibly by reference to the plant’s thick or sturdy nature, or its strong growth. There may also be a folk etymological association for Greek speakers. The plant is known from ancient botanical sources as πήγανον. Connection to πήγνυμι (to make firm, fix) is traditional but not philologically certain.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim that the term derives from 'the blade of an oar.' Instead, it notes the precise derivation is uncertain and cautions not to confuse it with an oar's blade. This corrects a mistaken or overconfident etymological assertion in the original.

Original Strong's
neuter of a (presumed) derivative of (the blade of an oar; from the same as πέδη); a "pedal", i.e. helm:--rudder.
SILEX Revision
A steering blade or control apparatus of a ship, primarily a rudder, used to direct the movement of the vessel. The term may also generally encompass devices used for guiding or steering, but specifically refers to the physical implement (typically the large blade at the stern of a ship) for navigation.
From the same root as πέδη (‘fetter’), likely related by the idea of control or restricting movement. May be linked to the notion of fettering or restraining as in guiding the direction of a vessel. The root relationship is formal (by structure) rather than semantic. Unrelated to Latin radicals for helm or steer.
Etymology

The revised gloss notes the precise derivation is uncertain, correcting the original's confident assertion that πηλίκος is a quantitative form of the base of πού.

Original Strong's
a quantitative form (the feminine) of the base of πού; how much (as an indefinite), i.e. in size or (figuratively) dignity:--how great (large).
SILEX Revision
Of what size or magnitude; denotes the extent, degree, or greatness of something in terms of quantity, dimension, or importance. Used both in literal contexts (referring to physical size or amount) and figuratively (referring to degree, greatness, or gravity of a quality or action).
From the root πη- (found in the interrogative ποῦ, 'where?'), with the addition of the suffix -λίκος indicating 'of what sort or size'; parallels Latin 'qualis'; the precise formation is obscure but related to Greek interrogative adjectives.
Etymology

The original gloss claims πιάζω is probably another form of βιάζω, but the revised gloss corrects this by stating the root is uncertain and there is no direct evidence of πιάζω being a variant of βιάζω.

Original Strong's
probably another form of βιάζω; to squeeze, i.e. seize (gently by the hand (press), or officially (arrest), or in hunting (capture)):--apprehend, catch, lay hand on, take. Compare πιέζω.
SILEX Revision
To seize, grasp, or take hold of with force or intent; in various contexts, to apprehend (as in legal arrest), to take hold physically (by the hand or otherwise), or to capture (as in hunting or pursuit). The core meaning involves the act of laying hold of or physically grasping someone or something, either gently or with force, often with the intention of detaining, restraining, or possessing.
Derived from the root πιάζω, possibly related to βιάζω ('to use force, to compel'), though the exact etymological relationship is uncertain. The connection may derive from an underlying idea of applying force or pressure. Compare also πιέζω ('to press, to squeeze').
Etymology

The revised gloss notes uncertainty about the precise relationship between πιέζω and πιάζω, whereas the original states πιέζω is 'another form for' πιάζω. The revised gloss corrects the original's assertion by emphasizing the etymological uncertainty and possible divergence, rather than equating the two forms directly.

Original Strong's
another form for πιάζω; to pack:--press down.
SILEX Revision
To press, squeeze, or apply pressure, especially so as to pack, compress, or crowd together. The term carries the sense of exerting physical force to compact or crush something, and by extension, can refer to crowding or pressing in a figurative sense (such as crowds pressing in on someone).
Formally regarded as an alternative form of πιάζω. The root is πι-, related to the act of pressing or squeezing in Greek. Both πιέζω and πιάζω share semantic overlap, but πιέζω is typically associated with the act of pressing or compressing, while πιάζω may emphasize seizing or laying hold. The ultimate origin is Greek; cognate with the base meaning of pressure or compression.
Etymology

The original gloss suggests a possible derivation from πήγνυμι ('to fix, fasten'), while the revised gloss explicitly states that this etymology is uncertain and the connection doubtful. The revised gloss corrects the speculative etymology in the original.

Original Strong's
perhaps from πήγνυμι (through the idea of piercing); sharp (pungent), i.e. acrid (literally or figuratively):--bitter.
SILEX Revision
Having a bitter or sharp taste or quality; characterized by physical bitterness (as of substances or flavors) or, in extended figurative usage, by harshness, severity, or emotional acerbity. Contextually, can denote something unpleasant, painful, or causing affliction. The primary sense is the sensory experience of bitterness, with figurative application to emotions, speech, or circumstances.
From the root πικρ-; the etymology is uncertain, though there has been speculation about a connection with πήγνυμι ('to fasten, to fix'), conceived through the idea of something that 'pierces' or 'stabs', but this is not widely accepted. The origin is most likely pre-Greek or otherwise non-Indo-European.
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's claim that the name means 'close-pressed, i.e. firm', noting that this definition is not linguistically supported. It highlights the uncertainty of the etymology and suggests the possible connection to the Latin 'pilum' ('javelin'), but states the exact meaning is unknown.

Original Strong's
of Latin origin; close-pressed, i.e. firm; Pilatus, a Roman:--Pilate.
SILEX Revision
A proper noun referring to Pontius Pilate, a Roman official who served as prefect (governor) of the province of Judea under the Roman Empire (ca. AD 26–36). The term is used solely as a personal name, designating this individual in the New Testament and related literature. The name itself does not carry an intrinsic semantic value beyond its function as a personal identifier, though it likely connotes Roman administrative authority within the texts where it appears.
From Latin Pilatus, probable formation from pila ('javelin, spear') or pileus ('felt cap'), but precise etymology uncertain. Likely denotes a Roman cognomen rather than a descriptive term; directly borrowed into Greek as Πιλᾶτος (Pilâtos).
Etymology

The SIBI gloss corrects the original Strong's claim that the word is 'perhaps akin to' πίνω ('to drink') in its etymology. The revised gloss states this connection is uncertain and roots the derivation more firmly in πίων ('fat' or 'rich'), clarifying the etymological background and rejecting Strong's speculative linkage.

Original Strong's
from (fat; perhaps akin to the alternate of πίνω through the idea of repletion); plumpness, i.e. (by implication) richness (oiliness):--fatness.
SILEX Revision
Substance or quality of being fat, fatness; by extension, fullness or richness, especially in the sense of material abundance or prosperity. In contexts, may refer specifically to literal fatness, or metaphorically to well-being, fertility, or bounty.
From the Greek adjective πιός (pios, 'fat, plump'), itself from the root πιέζω (piezo, 'to press, squeeze') or related to πίνω (pino, 'to drink') with regard to fullness or saturation. The exact derivation is uncertain but linked to the idea of plumpness or repletion.
Etymology

The original gloss asserts a definite derivation from a root meaning 'to traverse' and connects it with the idea of 'travelling' as part of its sense. The revised gloss notes that the exact derivation is uncertain and, while likely related to the concept of exchange, does not support 'traversing' or 'travelling' as inherent to the verb. It also corrects the implication that 'trafficking' (as in travel-based trade) is part of the word's meaning. This is a material correction of both etymology and sense.

Original Strong's
contracted from (to traverse; from the base of πέραν); to traffic (by travelling), i.e. dispose of as merchandise or into slavery (literally or figuratively):--sell.
SILEX Revision
To sell, especially to dispose of property, goods, or persons as merchandise or into servitude. In the New Testament and related literature, πιπράσκω most commonly refers to selling objects or, in some contexts, selling people (including oneself) into slavery or bondage. The verb may also carry the sense of exchanging possession in return for payment, or of being delivered over to another's control, both literally and metaphorically. In extended or figurative sense, to be 'sold under' a condition (e.g., sold under sin) means to fall under complete control of or subjection to that condition.
From a contracted form linked to πέραν (to cross, pass over), with the base sense of crossing a boundary (such as in a transaction), but the precise etymological path is uncertain. Related to πέπρακα (perfect active form, 'I have sold').
Etymology

The revised gloss corrects the original's vague claim of 'probably of foreign origin' by specifying that the origin is uncertain but likely pre-Greek (Anatolian), updating and refining the etymological information.

Original Strong's
probably of foreign origin; Pisidia, a region of Asia Minor:--Pisidia.
SILEX Revision
Proper name: Pisidia, a mountainous inland region of southern Anatolia (Asia Minor) noted for its rough terrain and relative independence within various ancient empires. In Greco-Roman contexts, refers specifically to the territory known as Pisidia, bordering Phrygia, Lycaonia, Pamphylia, and Isauria. Used in the New Testament to indicate geographic movement or origin.
The term Πισιδία is of non-Greek, likely Anatolian origin. Its precise linguistic derivation is uncertain. Adopted directly into Greek from native designations of the region by its inhabitants or neighboring peoples.
Etymology

The revised gloss highlights scholarly debate about the etymology and notes the semantic development from πίστις is not certain, whereas the original presents the derivation from πίστις as a straightforward fact. The revised gloss corrects this by signaling the etymological uncertainty.

Original Strong's
from πίστις; trustworthy, i.e. genuine (unadulterated):--spike-(nard).
SILEX Revision
Pertaining to being genuine or pure, especially in reference to quality or authenticity. In NT contexts, it describes something that is unadulterated or of full value, typically as an attribute of an object (often perfume or ointment). Also can carry the sense of trustworthiness or reliability in some Greek literature, though not prominent in biblical usage.
From πίστις (faith, trust); the adjectival suffix -ικός forms adjectives of relation, thus 'pertaining to faithfulness/trustworthiness' or, by semantic extension, 'genuineness.'